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From circuits to synapses, addiction alters the brain. This schematic suggests cellular changes in second messenger signalling and transcription in response to drugs of abuse. Simplified tripartite synapse illustrating molecules known to be affected at different synapses within the reward circuits. Note: addiction-related changes are most often region, cell-type and synapse specific. iGluR, ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA and NMDA receptors).
