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Pore structure of Col-Ap scaffold fabricated by freezing Col- Ap-20 under different freezing temperatures. *Significantly different from scaffold prepared by unidirectionally freezing of Col-Ap-20 hydrogel at -20 °C (p<0.05).
| Freezing temperature (°C) | Freezing method | Lamellar spacing ± SD (μm) | Wall thickness ± SD (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| −20 | unidirectional | 173 ± 45.3 | 7.8 ± 1.2 |
| −80 | unidirectional | 146 ± 41.5 * | 8.2 ± 1.9 |
| −196 | unidirectional | 63.8 ± 32.1 * | 6.4 ± 2.1 |
| −20 | Non-unidirectional | 142 ± 59.7 | 7.2 ± 1.4 |
