Table 3.

Activation of brain nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons assessed by double immunohistochemistry for Fos/nesfatin-1 induced by visceral and psychological stressors in rats

Brain nucleus	Abdominal surgery				Wrap restraint
	Fos		Fos + nesfatin-1		Fos		Fos + nesfatin-1
	Sham	Surgery	Sham	Surgery	Control	Restraint	Control	Restraint
Supraoptic nucleus	+	++++***	+	++++***	+	+++*	+	+++*
Anterior parvicellular PVN	+	+++***	+	+++***	+	+++***	−	++***
Lateral magnocellular PVN	++	++++***	+	+++***	−	++++*	−	++*
Medial magnocellular PVN	++	++++***	+	++++***	−	++++**	−	++**
Medial parvicellular PVN	+++	++++***	+	++***	+	++++***	−	++**
Locus coeruleus	+	+++*	+	+++*	−	+++***	−	++***
Rostral raphe pallidus	+	++*	+	++*	+	+++***	−	++***
Edinger-Westphal nucleus	+++	++++**	++	+++**	ND	ND	ND	ND
Ventrolateral medulla	++	+++***	+	+++**	−	++***	1	++***
Nucleus of the solitary tract†	+++	++++**	+	++**	+	+++***	−	++***

Data are numbers of Fos-positive or double-labelled nesfatin-1/Fos immunoreactive neurons expressed as − 0 positive cells, + 1–4 positive cells, ++ 5–10 positive cells, +++ 11–20 positive cells and ++++ >20 positive cells.

^*P < 0.05;

^**P < 0.01;

^***P < 0.001 vs. sham/control.

^†Medial part of the nucleus shown after abdominal surgery, caudal part after restraint (37,41).

ND, not detected; NUCB2, nucleobindin 2; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.