Table 5.
The most common drugs contributing to DDIs
| Names and classes of drugs | Percentage of identified DDIs | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Beta Blockers |
35.21% |
[26] |
| Inotropic Drugs e.g. Digoxin |
15.94% |
|
| ACEIs1 e.g. Captopril |
15.35% |
|
| Diuretics e.g. Furosemide |
14.66% |
|
| Calcium Channel Blockers e.g. Diltiazem |
7.33% |
|
| Nitrate e.g. Nitrocardin |
4.18% |
|
| Antihyperglycemic Drugs e.g. Clofibrate |
4.09% |
|
| Antiarrhythmic Drugs e.g. Amiodarone |
2.64% |
|
| Digoxin |
50% of severe DDIs |
[27] |
| Gentamicin |
26.5% of moderate DDIs |
|
| Diphenhydramine Compound |
24.85% |
[28] |
| Dextromethorphan-P |
15.38% |
|
| Pseudoephedrine |
11.8% |
|
| Antibiotics |
7.1% |
|
| Tricyclic Antidepressant |
72.7% |
[29] |
| MAOIs4 |
25.2% |
|
| SRIs3 |
2.1% |
|
| Antibiotics |
Not specified |
[24] |
| Central Nervous System Drugs |
Not specified |
|
| NSAIDs2 |
Not specified |
|
| Antidepressant |
52% |
[40] |
| Anti Infectives |
27.5% |
[41] |
| Other Drugs |
21.5% |
|
| Antiarrhythmic |
15.5% |
|
| Antihypertensive |
11.1% |
|
| Anti-diabetic |
5.6% |
|
| Anticoagulant |
5.6% |
|
| Diuretics |
3.7% |
|
| Hormone |
2.5% |
|
| Salicylate |
2.3% |
|
| Anticonvulsant |
1.8% |
|
| Antidepressant |
47.5% |
[43] |
| Belladonna |
4.4% |
[49] |
| Phenytoin Compound |
4.3% |
|
| Cimetidine |
3.8% |
|
| Propranolol Hydrochloride |
3.6% |
|
| Gentamicin |
3.5% |
|
| Acetylsalicylic Acid |
3.5% |
|
| Aluminium MGS |
3.4% |
|
| Theophylline |
3.3% |
|
| Carbamazepine |
2.8% |
|
| Contraceptive LD |
2.7% |
|
| Digoxin |
Not specified |
[50] |
| Diuretics |
Not specified |
|
| HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors |
Not specified |
|
| Allopurinol |
Not specified |
|
| ACEIs |
Not specified |
|
| Warfarin |
Not specified |
|
| Gemfibrozil |
Not specified |
|
| Haloperidol |
Not specified |
|
| Amiodarone |
Not specified |
|
| Clonidine |
Not specified |
|
| Cardiovascular Drugs |
Not specified |
[52] |
| Digoxin |
Most common in severe DDIs |
[53] |
| ACEIs |
Most common in severe and moderate DDIs |
|
| Beta Blockers |
Most common in moderate DDIs |
|
| Fluoroquinolones |
Most common in moderate DDIs |
|
| Antacids |
Most common in moderate DDIs |
|
| Phenytoin |
Not specified |
[54] |
| Antimycotics for systemic use5 |
31.35% |
[55] |
| Immunosuppressants |
13.51% |
|
| Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim |
9.73% |
|
| Antiepileptics |
8.11% |
|
| Antiemetics and Antinauseants |
7.02% |
|
| Antigout Preparations |
4.05% |
|
| Corticosteroids for Systemic Use, Plain |
3.78% |
|
| Other Antineoplastic Agents |
2.43% |
|
| Direct Acting Antivirals |
2.43% |
|
| Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials | 2.16% |
Names and classes of drugs which mostly contributed to DDIs and percentage of identified DDIs by the relevant studies are shown.
1ACEIs: Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme inhibitors.
2NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.
3SSRIs: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
4MAOIs: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.
5Medication classes categorized by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system of the World Health Organization.