TABLE 2.

Characteristics of Studies Addressing Clinical Outcomes

Intervention	Author, y	Patient Population	Study Design	Type of Provider	No. of Providers	No. of Patients	Clinical Outcomes
							ED Visits/Hospitalization	Missed Days of School/Work
Clinical pharmacy support	Weinberger, 200294	Adults	RCT	Pharmacist	NR	Arm A (control): 165; Arm B (peak flow meter monitoring control group): 233	∅	N/A
Decision support	Lesho, 200538	Pediatrics	Pre-post	Primary health care	NR	330	↓	N/A
	Shiffman, 200046	Pediatrics	Pre-post	Pediatrician	11	Arm A (sole physician arm; patient arm, pre): 91; Arm B (patient arm): 74	↓	N/A
	To, 200885	Mixed (2–55 y)	Pre-post	Primary health care	NR	1408	↓	↓
	Cloutier, 200996	Not specified	Pre-post	Pediatrician	NR	3298	↓	N/A
	Horswell, 200836	Not specified	Pre-post	Physician	NR	NR	↓	N/A
	Kattan, 20065	Not specified	RCT	Nurse practitioner, physician assistant, primary health care	Arm A (standard practice): NR; Arm B (decision support): 435	Arm A (standard practice): 466; Arm B (decision support): 471	↓	∅
	McCowan, 200182	Not specified	RCT	General practitioner	NR	Arm A (control): 330; Arm B (decision support): 147	∅	N/A
	Mitchell, 200537	Not specified	RCT	General practitioner	270	NR	↓	N/A
	Newton, 201084	Not specified	Pre-post	Nurse, physician practice managers, other staff	NR	NR	↓	N/A
	Renzi, 200695	Not specified	RCT	Primary health care	NR	NR	↓	N/A
Education only	Blackstien-Hirsch, 200058	Pediatrics	Pre-post	Physician	59	195	∅	N/A
	Brown, 200418	Pediatrics	RCT	Pediatrician	Arm A (control): 11; Arm B (education): 12	Arm A (control): 122; Arm B (education): 157	↓a	∅
	Clark, 199852	Pediatrics	RCT	Pediatrician, physician	Arm A (control): 37; Arm B (education): 37	637	∅	N/A
	Stergachis, 200253	Pediatrics	RCT	Pharmacist	Arm A (control): NR; Arm B (education): 35	Arm A (control): 177; Arm B (education): 153	∅	∅
	Sulaiman, 201087	Pediatrics	RCT	General practitioner	Arm A (control): 18; Arm B (education and guidelines): 18; Arm C (guidelines): 15	Arm A (control): 121; Arm B (education and guidelines): 156; Arm C (guidelines): 134	∅	N/A
	Cabana, 200617	Pediatrics	RCT	Primary health care	Arm A (control): 43; Arm B (PACE): 51	Arm A (control): 452; Arm B (PACE): 418	∅	N/A
	Shah, 201150	Pediatrics	RCT	General practitioner	150	Arm A (control): 107; Arm B (PACE): 110	N/A	∅
	Holton, 201186	Adults	RCT	General practitioner	Arm A (control): 45; Arm B (spirometry training): 127	Arm A (control): 157; Arm B (spirometry training): 240	N/A	∅
	Cowie, 200156	Not specified	Pre-post	NR	NR	Arm A (basic education): NR; Arm (intermediate education): NR; Arm C (intensive education): NR	∅	∅
Feedback and audit	Schneider, 200867	Mixed	RCT	General practitioner	96	Arm A (traditional quality circle): NR; Arm B (benchmark quality circle): NR; Arm C (combined arms): 256	∅	N/A
	Richman, 200064	Not specified	Pre-post	Pediatrician	29	228	∅	∅
Information only	Bryce, 199571	Pediatrics	RCT	General practitioner, nurse	NR	Arm A (control): 1563; Arm B (reminders and tools): 1585	∅	N/A
Multicomponent	Lob, 201178	Pediatrics	Pre-post	Physician, nurse practitioner	NR	Longitudinal evaluation group, patient-level interview: 761; Cross-sectional random sample, clinic-level chart review, time 1: 680; Cross-sectional random sample, clinic-level chart review, time 2: 680; Cross-sectional random sample, clinic-level chart review, time 3: 680	↓	↓
Organizational change	Finkelstein, 200579	Pediatrics	RCT	Pediatric medical provider	228	Arm A (control): 1531; Arm B (PLE intervention): 2003; Arm C (planned care intervention): 1635	∅	N/A
	Glasgow, 200389	Pediatrics	RCT	General practitioner	Arm A (control): 12; Arm B (intervention): 12	Arm A (control): 73; Arm B (intervention): 101	∅	∅
	Patel, 200490	Mixed (4–55 y)	Pre-post	Physicians, nurses	NR	451	↓	N/A
	Thyne, 200780	Not specified	Pre-post	“Pediatric medical providers,” “urgent care clinicians”	NR	Arm A (time 1, 2002–2003): NR; Arm B (time 2, 2003–2004): NR; Arm C (time 3, 2004–2005): NR	↓b	N/A
Quality improvement	Homer, 200591	Pediatrics	RCT	Nurse, physician front office staff	NR	Arm A (control): 337; Arm B (learning collaborative): 294	∅	N/A
	Mangione-Smith R., 200593	Not specified	Pre-post	“Health care providers”	NR	Arm A (control): 126; Arm B (learning collaborative): 385	∅	∅

NR, not reported; PACE, Physician Asthma Care Education; PLE, Peer Leader Education. ↑, Statistically significant increase in outcome of interest. ↓, Statistically significant decrease in outcome of interest. ∅, Difference between intervention and control groups, or between pre- and post-intervention not statistically significant.

^aReduction in ED visit for subgroup of low-income participants only but reduction in annual rate of hospitalization for entire group.

^bReduction in ED visit but P value not reported in study.