Table 1.

Characteristics of the Selected BLSA Cohort

Variables	Normal	Prediabetes	Diabetes-New	Diabetes-Med	P Trend
Men/women, n	15/10	9/10	15/10	16/7	.406
Age, y	75.7 ± 2.1	74.3 ± 1.7	76.2 ± 2.2	74.4 ± 1.6	.808
BMI, kg/m2	25.5 ± 0.4	25.1 ± 0.3	27.8 ± 0.7a,e	28.5 ± 1.1b,e	<.001
Hemoglobin A1c, %	5.7 ± 0.1	5.7 ± 0.1	6.4 ± 0.1c,f	7.0 ± 0.2c,f,i	<.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	88.6 ± 1.1	106.0 ± 1.0b	117.1 ± 5.4c,d	129.6 ± 5.6c,f,g	<.001
Glucose AUC, mg/dL·min	14939 ± 522	20800 ± 435c	24803 ± 655c,f	28126 ± 1021c,f,h	<.001
Islet hormones
Fasting insulin, μU/L	8.0 ± 0.5	9.4 ± 0.9	11.8 ± 1.5	9.5 ± 2.2	.817
Insulin AUC, μU/L·min	6177 ± 539	6881 ± 950	6715 ± 798	3266 ± 656b,e,h	.011
Fasting glucagon, pmol/L	11.4 ± 0.8	11.7 ± 0.7	15.0 ± 1.3a	14.3 ± 1.0	.047
Glucagon AUC, pmol/L·min	1343 ± 76	1301 ± 73	1651 ± 102a,d	1846 ± 179b,e	.001
Fasting PP, pmol/L	28.7 ± 2.8	34.1 ± 5.5	39.2 ± 4.8	68.4 ± 9.8c,f,h	<.001
PP AUC, pmol/L·min	4237 ± 386	4540 ± 618	6886 ± 667b	8771 ± 1067c,e	<.001
Enteroendocrine hormones
Fasting GLP-1, pmol/L	7.0 ± 0.6	8.8 ± 1.1	8.2 ± 0.9	7.7 ± 0.9	.363
GLP-1 AUC, pmol/L·min	957 ± 58	1200 ± 136	1067 ± 70	1324 ± 186b	.011
Fasting GIP, pmol/L	11.7 ± 1.3	11.1 ± 2.0	15.6 ± 2.9	19.7 ± 2.4a,d	.012
GIP AUC, pmol/L·min	5162 ± 501	5117 ± 563	6830 ± 675a,d	6743 ± 526a,d	.020

Data presented as means ± SEM. All regression analyses for biomarkers used normalized variables and adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.

^aP < .05 vs normal.

^bP < .01 vs normal.

^cP < .001 vs normal.

^dP < .005 vs prediabetes.

^eP < .01 vs prediabetes.

^fP < .001 vs diabetes-new.

^gP < .05 vs diabetes-new.

^hP < .01 vs diabetes-new.

ⁱP < .001 vs diabetes-new.