Table 8. Co-morbidity and/or familial associations between six autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis.

	GD	RA	T1D	SLE	SSc	CAD
HT	[417]	[49], [418], [419]	[49], [418]	[49], [419], [420]	[419]	[421]
GD		[417]	[422]	[417]	[423]	[421]
RA			[49], [418], [424]	[49], [424]	[49]	[421], [425]
T1D				[424]		[426]
SLE					[49]	[421], [425]
SSc						[421], [425]

Comorbidity may reflect common susceptibility factors or secondary disease effects, such as inflammation in RA contributing to CAD risk [427]. Comorbidities with some of these diseases exist for alopecia areata [428], [429], vitiligo [430], [430,431], juvenile idiopathic arthritis [432], myasthenia gravis [433], [434], and Addison's disease [435], five additional PTPN22 -associated diseases, as well as celiac disease [436], [437] and pernicious anemia [438], [439].

A link between GD and CAD is potentially confounded by the anti-atherogenic properties of thyroid hormones [440].