Table 4.
Associations of threshold and subthreshold GAD with other mental disorders
| GAD definition
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAD-6mo
|
GAD-3mo
|
GAD-3mo/NOU
|
||||
| % (S.E.) | aOR (95% CI)a | % (S.E.) | aOR (95% CI)a | % (S.E.) | aOR (95% CI)a | |
| Mental disorders | ||||||
| Any anxiety disorder | 65.80 (4.83) | 4.41 (2.91–6.69) | 64.27 (3.20) | 3.83 (2.68–5.47) | 61.16 (3.06) | 3.95 (2.74–5.68) |
| Specific phobia | 40.71 (2.81) | 2.15 (1.43–3.23) | 34.55 (2.10) | 1.91 (1.44–2.55) | 32.08 (2.51) | 1.76 (1.32–2.34) |
| Social phobia | 20.08 (3.82) | 2.32 (1.32–4.07) | 21.59 (2.79) | 3.00 (1.77–5.07) | 20.51 (2.58) | 2.64 (1.60–4.34) |
| Agoraphobia | 10.94 (2.58) | 1.79 (0.95–3.40) | 10.24 (2.63) | 2.03 (1.12–3.68) | 9.43 (2.28) | 1.77 (1.07–2.94) |
| Panic disorder | 10.12 (2.37) | 2.08 (0.88–4.91) | 9.67 (1.86) | 2.77 (1.44–5.33) | 9.77 (1.74) | 3.25 (1.61–6.54) |
| Separation anxiety disorder | 20.95 (4.01) | 2.90 (1.47–5.72) | 21.62 (3.08) | 2.67 (1.52–4.71) | 20.68 (2.79) | 2.70 (1.55–4.71) |
| PTSD | 20.59 (4.21) | 2.88 (1.79–4.64) | 19.70 (3.11) | 2.05 (1.31–3.20) | 18.48 (2.56) | 2.33 (1.33–4.08) |
| Any mood disorder | 58.55 (4.31) | 3.52 (1.99–6.22) | 54.02 (3.39) | 3.95 (2.75–5.66) | 51.42 (3.53) | 4.08 (2.95–5.65) |
| Major depression | 54.41 (4.51) | 2.69 (1.51–4.80) | 48.30 (3.49) | 3.02 (1.96–4.64) | 45.44 (3.38) | 2.82 (1.96–4.06) |
| Dysthymia | 22.61 (3.76) | 2.84 (1.63–4.94) | 17.46 (2.81) | 1.89 (1.15–3.12) | 17.27 (2.55) | 2.17 (1.38–3.41) |
| Bipolar disorder | 7.94 (1.71) | 0.67 (0.31–1.47) | 10.28 (1.77) | 1.59 (0.93–2.71) | 10.78 (2.16) | 2.23 (1.28–3.87) |
| Any behavior disorderb | 39.22 (6.07) | 1.40 (0.69–2.83) | 36.66 (4.19) | 1.38 (0.83–2.28) | 35.37 (3.37) | 1.18 (0.76–1.83) |
| ODDb | 22.88 (4.52) | 1.29 (0.59–2.81) | 19.62 (2.76) | 1.07 (0.61–1.87) | 19.41 (2.45) | 1.05 (0.63–1.73) |
| Conduct disorderb | 21.12 (3.68) | 0.76 (0.33–1.76) | 20.90 (3.40) | 0.99 (0.44–2.22) | 19.87 (2.88) | 0.80 (0.37–1.72) |
| ADHDb | 16.78 (2.88) | 1.57 (0.84–2.92) | 15.29 (2.05) | 1.39 (0.90–2.15) | 9.64 (1.32) | 1.47 (0.99–2.18) |
| Any substance use disorder | 23.61 (3.83) | 1.62 (0.92–2.83) | 23.06 (3.09) | 1.13 (0.69–1.86) | 24.37 (2.80) | 1.41 (0.85–2.34) |
| Alcohol use disorders | 14.58 (3.16) | 1.61 (0.61–4.24) | 16.46 (3.02) | 1.34 (0.62–2.88) | 15.63 (2.34) | 1.23 (0.58–2.18) |
| Drug use disorders | 17.26 (3.02) | 1.10 (0.49–2.47) | 18.25 (2.42) | 0.94 (0.50–1.78) | 20.35 (2.19) | 1.38 (0.86–2.24) |
GAD, Generalized anxiety disorder; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAD-6mo, cases met DSM-IV/5 GAD criteria; GAD-3mo, duration was relaxed to at least 3 months; GAD-3mo/NOU, duration was relaxed to at least 3 months and uncontrollability criterion was not applied; S.E., standard error; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder, ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; ADHD, attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder.
aORs and 95% CIs include all significant sociodemographic predictors and other psychiatric disorders (but the disorder of interest).
Reports based on parent self-administered questionnaire sample (n=6483).