a Schematic view of present model of the geniculate circuit for the ON X pathway in cat comprising ON retinal ganglion cells (g), ON geniculate relay cells (r), and cells from several cortical cell populations, both ON (cn) and OFF (cOFFn). The feedback cross-connections (from OFF to ON) are shown as dashed lines. For the sake of clarity, only two populations (n = 1, 2) are shown, even though an arbitrary number of populations N are considered in our mathematical analysis, and input to OFF is not shown. The cortical OFF cells are driven by relay OFF cells not depicted in the figure. b Illustration of the mathematical model of the geniculate circuit. (n = 1, 2) represent the responses of ON retinal ganglion, ON relay, ON cortical, and OFF cortical cells respectively. K
jk (j, k = g, i, r, cn) represents the coupling from ON neurons of type k onto ON neurons of type j. represents the cross-connection in the cortical feedback (dashed arrows), and K
rig represents the indirect feedforward inhibition via intrageniculate interneurons (dotted arrow)