Table 4.

Bivariable analysis for outcomes of pain intensity

Variable	Initial pain
	Correlation	p value
Spearman correlation
Age	−0.14	0.18
Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire	−0.17	0.091
Patient Health Questionnaire 2	0.038	0.71
Days injury to enrollment	0.040	0.70
Oral morphine equivalents	0.38	< 0.001
Mann-Whitney U test (Z)
Sex	−0.26	0.79
Smoker	−3.4	0.001
History of substance abuse	−3.2	0.001
Depression/anxiety	−3.2	0.001
Preadmission use of opioids	−2.4	0.018
Preadmission use of steroids	−1.6	0.10
Acetaminophen use	−1.5	0.15
Kruskal-Wallis test
Diagnoses		0.51
Mechanism of injury		0.36
Physician		0.13
Procedure		0.33
Number of fractures		0.99