Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | FVC < LLN | FVC ≥ LLN | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 260 | 119 | 141 | |
| Age, yr | ||||
| At earliest Fontan | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 0.09 |
| At exercise testing | 13.1 ± 3 | 13.6 ± 2.7 | 12.8 ± 3.3 | 0.03 |
| Height, cm | 150.8 ± 14.6 | 152.2 ± 13.2 | 149.7 ± 15.6 | 0.16 |
| Weight, kg | 45.3 ± 15.7 | 44.6 ± 14.4 | 46 ± 16.7 | 0.49 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.36 ± 0.27 | 1.37 ± 0.32 | 0.78 |
| BMI | ||||
| kg/m2 | 19.3 ± 3.7 | 18.8 ± 3.6 | 19.8 ± 3.8 | 0.03 |
| Z-score | 0.0 ± 1.1 | −0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 155 (59.6) | 71 (59.7) | 84 (59.6) | 1 |
| Female | 105 (40.4) | 48 (40.3) | 57 (40.4) | 1 |
| Race, n (%)* | 0.1 | |||
| Caucasian | 225 (86.5) | 101 (84.9) | 124 (87.9) | |
| African-American | 19 (7.3) | 6 (5.0) | 13 (9.2) | |
| Asian | 8 (3.1) | 6 (5.0) | 2 (1.4) | |
| Ventricular morphology, n (%) | 0.68 | |||
| Left | 142 (54.6) | 68 (57.1) | 74 (52.5) | |
| Right | 78 (30) | 35 (29.4) | 43 (30.5) | |
| Both | 40 (15.4) | 16 (13.5) | 24 (17.0) | |
| Type of Fontan, n (%) | 0.20 | |||
| APC | 43 (16.5) | 23 (19.3) | 20 (14.2) | |
| Intracardiac lateral tunnel | 152 (58.5) | 68 (57.1) | 84 (59.6) | |
| Extracardiac lateral tunnel | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.1) | |
| Extracardiac conduit | 57 (21.9) | 24 (20.2) | 33 (23.4) | |
| Other | 5 (1.9) | 4 (3.4) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Pacemaker present, n (%) | 30 (11.6) | 15 (12.6) | 15 (10.7) | 0.54 |
| Orthopedic problem, n (%) | 27 (10.6) | 17 (14.5) | 10 (7.2) | 0.07 |
| Respiratory problem, n (%) | 28 (10.9) | 18 (15.5) | 10 (7.1) | 0.04 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 32 (12.7) | 17 (14.8) | 15 (10.9) | 0.45 |
| Neurological deficit, n (%) | 9 (3.6) | 8 (7.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0.01 |
| Developmental delay, n (%) | 23 (10.4) | 14 (13.7) | 9 (7.6) | 0.18 |
| Postoperative chylothorax, n (%) | 12 (4.6) | 8 (6.7) | 4 (2.8) | 0.15 |
| Postoperative pleural effusions, n (%) | 68 (26.2) | 28 (23.5) | 40 (28.4) | 0.40 |
Continuous variables are presented as means ± SD; categorical variables are presented as number of subjects (n) and percentages. Demographic and clinical characteristics by forced vital capacity (FVC) category [less than vs. greater than or equal to the lower limit of normal (LLN)] are shown.
*
Other and unknown races are not shown. BMI, body mass index; APC, atiropulmonary connection.