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. 2014 Jun 17;4(6):e400. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.33

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Single-dose correction of behavioral abnormalities. (a) Social abnormalities in male MIA animals were found at the earliest ages of testing at 2.25 months of age. (Student's t-test ****P<0.0002; N=19 Saline and 25 Poly(IC)). (b) A single dose of suramin given to adult MIA mice restored normal social behavior (PIC-Sur). two-way ANOVA was first used to test for the presence of interaction between drug treatment and experimental groups. This revealed an interaction consistent with the observation that suramin benefited social behavior in the MIA animals but had no effect on normal controls (F(1,39)=13.48); P=0.0007). We then performed one-way ANOVA to test for suramin effects. A single treatment with suramin (20 mg kg−1 i.p.) given 2–4 days before testing restored normal social behavior (one-way ANOVA F(3,40)=8.95; P<0.0001; Tukey post hoc PIC-Sal versus PIC-Sur ****P<0.0001; N=8–13 per group). (c) After 5 weeks of suramin washout, the social behavior remained improved compared with saline-treated animals but was decreased from the first week after treatment. (F(3,40)=10.5; Tukey post hoc PIC-Sal versus PIC-Sur *P<0.05; N=8–13 per group). Values are expressed as means±s.e.m. (d) We estimated the strength of novelty preference32 as spontaneous alternation in the T-maze. MIA mice showed deficits in spontaneous alternation from the age of earliest testing at 4 months of age (Student's t-test; ****P<0.0001; N=19 Saline and 25 PIC). (e) Two-way ANOVA was first used to test for the presence of interaction between drug treatment and experimental groups. This revealed an interaction consistent with the observation that suramin restored spontaneous alternation in the MIA animals but had no effect on normal controls (F(1,40)=7.609; P=0.0087). We then performed one-way ANOVA to test for suramin effects. A single dose of suramin (20 mg kg−1 i.p.) injected 2–4 days before testing corrected the deficits in young adult animals that were 5.25 months of age. (F(3,40)=9.46; ; Tukey post hoc Sal-Sal versus PIC-Sal **P<0.01; PIC-Sal versus PIC-Sur ***P<0.001); N=8–13 per group). (f) This benefit was lost after a drug washout period of 5 weeks, leaving a significant difference between control (Sal) and MIA (PIC) groups (F(3,39)=18.05; P<0.0001), but no remaining effect of suramin by post hoc testing. (Tukey post hoc PIC-Sal versus PIC-Sur P=ns; N=8–13 per group). Values are expressed as means±s.e.m. (g) Motor coordination abnormalities were quantified on the rotarod as latency to fall. Performance was abnormal from the earliest age of testing at 2.5 months of age (Student's t-test ****P<0.0001; N=19 Saline and 25 Poly(IC)). (h) Suramin did not improve performance after two doses (20 mg kg−1 i.p.) given at 6.5 and 6.75 months of age and tested 2–4 days after the second dose. (two-way ANOVA interaction F(1,39)=0.1227; P=0.728 (ns); Poly(IC) effect F(1,39)=25.06; ****P<0.0001; treatment effect F(1,39)=0.01; P=0.908 (ns)). Values are expressed as means±s.e.m.