Table 1.
Comparison of population characteristics between the two German cohorts [n (%) or mean ± SD]
| Variable | KOPS | MAS | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of children | 330 | 781 | |
| No. of observations | 1,320 | 7,228 | |
| Parental characteristics | |||
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 69 (20.9) | 150 (20.9) | |
| No | 261 (79.1) | 569 (79.1) | 1.00 |
| Maternal weight status | |||
| Normal weight | 244 (73.9) | 549 (76.4) | |
| Overweight | 64 (19.4) | 127 (17.7) | |
| Obese | 22 (6.7) | 43 (6.0) | 0.684 |
| Highest maternal education (years) | |||
| ≤ 9 | 44 (13.3) | 197 (27.4) | |
| 10–12 | 106 (32.1) | 237 (33.0) | |
| ≥ 13 | 180 (54.5) | 285 (39.6) | < 0.001 |
| Paternal smoking | |||
| Yes | 126 (38.2) | 176 (24.5) | |
| No | 204 (61.8) | 543 (75.5) | < 0.001 |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 177 (53.6) | 332 (46.2) | |
| Male | 153 (46.4) | 387 (53.8) | 0.028 |
| Classification of birth weight for gestational age | |||
| Small | 30 (9.09) | 93 (12.9) | |
| Average | 261 (79.1) | 579 (80.5) | |
| Large | 39 (11.8) | 47 (6.5) | 0.006 |
| Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) | |||
| Yes | 16 (4.8) | 18 (2.5) | |
| No | 314 (95.2) | 701 (97.5) | 0.059 |
| Breastfeeding at any time after birth | |||
| Yes | 277 (83.9) | 676 (94) | |
| No | 53 (16.1) | 43 (6) | < 0.001 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,440 ± 559 | 3,422 ± 470 | 0.604 |
| Birth length (cm) | 51.6 ± 2.9 | 51.4 ± 2.3 | 0.219 |
| BMI z-score at 6 years | –0.01 ± 1.0 | 0.11 ± 1.0 | 0.106 |
| BMI z-score at 10 years | 0.24 ± 1.1 | 0.36 ± 1.2 | 0.185 |
| BMI > +1 SDa at 6 years (%) | 10.6 | 17.8 | 0.044 |
| BMI > +1 SDa at 10 years (%) | 22.2 | 27.4 | 0.148 |
| BMI > +2 SDa at 6 years (%) | 2.1 | 4.9 | 0.176 |
| BMI > +2 SDa at 10 years (%) | 3.0 | 9.9 | < 0.001 |
| Variables for the sensitivity analysesb | |||
| Television consumption | |||
| > 1 hr | 104 (42.6) | — | |
| ≤ 1 hr | 140 (57.4) | — | |
| Physical activity in a sports club | |||
| > 2 hr | 108 (45.0) | — | |
| ≤ 2 hr | 132 (55.0) | — | |
| Weight gain during the first year of life (kg) | — | 12.7 (2.0) | |
| Early adiposity rebound (≤ 5.5 years) | |||
| Yes | — | 174 (31.8) | |
| No | — | 374 (68.2) | |
| —, not available in the respective cohort. aOverweight (BMI > +1 SD) is equivalent to BMI 25 kg/m2 at 19 years, and obesity (BMI > +2 SD) is equivalent to BMI 30 kg/m2 at 19 years (de Onis et al. 2007). bDifference in number of cases compared with those in the upper part of the table can be explained by an increasing number of missing values. | |||