Table 5.
Sanitation ladder and diarrhea*
| Region | Sanitation ladder category | Crude PR (95% CI) | Adjusted† PR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | No facility | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | |
| West Africa‡ | No facility | 1.14 (1.07–1.23) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | |
| Excluding West Africa‡ | No facility | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 0.88 (0.82–0.93) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.78 (0.72–0.83) | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | No facility | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) | |
| Southeast Asia and Western Pacific | No facility | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 1.02 (0.90–1.14) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | |
| Eastern Mediterranean and Europe | No facility | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.78 (0.69–0.90) | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | |
| All regions combined | No facility | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | |
| Excluding West Africa‡ | No facility | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) |
| Unimproved facility (shared or not shared) | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | |
| Shared facility (otherwise improved) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Improved facility (not shared) | 0.83 (0.80–0.87) | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) |
*
Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for diarrhea by level of the Joint Monitoring Program Sanitation Ladder. Data were obtained from 51 Demographic and Health Surveys during 2001–2011. Ref. = referent.
†
Adjusted for mother's age, mother's educational attainment, highest level of education in the households, and asset ownership.
‡
West Africa is defined as Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone.