Table 2.
Proportions of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites containing polymorphisms in pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, and pfdhps*
| Genotype | Year | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003–2004† | 2005‡ | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
| pfcrt K76T | ||||||||
| WT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (4%) | 0 | 0 | 13 (17%) |
| Mixed | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 4 (4%) | 9 (8%) | 12 (16%) |
| Mutant | 79 (99%) | 201 (100%) | 38 (100%) | 144 (98%) | 87 (94%) | 104 (96%) | 102 (92%) | 52 (67%) |
| Pfmdr1 N86Y | ||||||||
| WT | 20 (10%) | 19 (9%) | 12 (32%) | 34 (23%) | 23 (26%) | 48 (44%) | 52 (47%) | 40 (51%) |
| Mixed | 136 (71%) | 76 (38%) | 7 (19%) | 88 (61%) | 27 (30%) | 41 (37%) | 41 (37%) | 32 (41%) |
| Mutant | 36 (19%) | 106 (53%) | 18 (49%) | 23 (16%) | 39 (44%) | 21 (19%) | 18 (16%) | 6 (8%) |
| Pfmdr1 Y184F | ||||||||
| WT | 141 (75%) | 169 (85%) | 25 (68%) | 103 (71%) | 75 (83%) | 41 (37%) | 63 (59%) | 50 (68%) |
| Mixed | 43 (23%) | 28 (14%) | 7 (19%) | 22 (15%) | 6 (7%) | 45 (41%) | 7 (7%) | 4 (6%) |
| Mutant | 3 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 5 (13%) | 20 (14%) | 9 (10%) | 25 (22%) | 36 (34%) | 19 (26%) |
| Pfmdr1 D1246Y | ||||||||
| WT | 3 (2%) | 32 (17%) | 9 (23%) | 35 (24%) | 16 (17%) | 22 (19%) | 22 (20%) | 42 (53%) |
| Mixed | 89 (48%) | 80 (40%) | 12 (31%) | 50 (34%) | 22 (23%) | 55 (50%) | 53 (48%) | 27 (34%) |
| Mutant | 93 (50%) | 86 (43%) | 18 (46%) | 61 (42%) | 58 (60%) | 34 (31%) | 35 (32%) | 10 (13%) |
| Pfdhfr N51I | ||||||||
| WT | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mixed | 5 (6%) | 5 (2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Mutant | 75 (94%) | 185 (97%) | 34 (100%) | 144 (99%) | 92 (99%) | 110 (99%) | 109 (100%) | 79 (100%) |
| Pfdhfr C59R | ||||||||
| WT | 24 (7%) | 13 (7%) | 3 (8%) | 4 (3%) | 6 (7%) | 10 (9%) | 5 (4%) | 6 (8%) |
| Mixed | 122 (37%) | 60 (31%) | 1 (3%) | 9 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 12 (11%) | 14 (13%) | 5 (6%) |
| Mutant | 187 (56%) | 117 (62%) | 33 (89%) | 132 (91%) | 84 (90%) | 87 (80%) | 92 (83%) | 65 (86%) |
| Pfdhfr S108N | ||||||||
| WT | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Mixed | 0 | 4 (2%) | 20 (59%) | 29 (23%) | 10 (11%) | 18 (16%) | 10 (9%) | 2 (2%) |
| Mutant | 80 (100%) | 186 (97%) | 14 (41%) | 99 (77%) | 83 (89%) | 92 (83%) | 101 (91%) | 77 (98%) |
| Pfdhfr I164L | ||||||||
| WT | 80 (100%) | 152 (99%) | 34 (100%) | 137 (99%) | 83 (91%) | 98 (88%) | 105 (100%) | 77 (100%) |
| Mixed | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 7 (8%) | 12 (11%) | 0 | 0 |
| Mutant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Pfdhps A437G | ||||||||
| WT | 5 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 |
| Mixed | 48 (14%) | 24 (12%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (5%) |
| Mutant | 280 (84%) | 170 (86%) | 33 (100%) | 142 (98%) | 91 (98%) | 108 (97%) | 108 (98%) | 75 (95%) |
| Pfdhps K540E | ||||||||
| WT | 8 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 |
| Mixed | 86 (26%) | 25 (13%) | 0 | 6 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 14 (13%) | 3 (4%) |
| Mutant | 239 (72%) | 165 (86%) | 33 (100%) | 138 (96%) | 89 (96%) | 106 (95%) | 95 (86%) | 76 (96%) |
| Pfdhps A581G | ||||||||
| WT | 193 (100%) | 195 (98%) | 37 (100%) | 129 (88%) | 83 (89%) | 97 (87%) | 95 (88%) | 76 (98%) |
| Mixed | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 17 (11%) | 9 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 9 (8%) | 1 (2%) |
| Mutant | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 10 (9%) | 4 (4%) | 0 |
WT = wild-type.
*
Data shown are numbers (proportions in parentheses) of samples with each genotype.
†
Data from 2003–2004 (samples obtained from November 2003 to May, 2004) are combined.
‡
Data obtained from December 2004 to July 2005 are included for 2005; 98% of samples from this trial were collected in 2005.