Table 5.
Results from bivariate and multivariate generalised estimation equation regressions of children’s active transport to school against potential predictor variables
| |
Child active transport to school |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Bivariate analyses |
Final multivariate model
†
|
||||
| OR | (95% CI) | p-value | OR | (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age (years) |
|
|
0.18* |
|
|
0.005 |
| 5-10 |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
1.00 |
Reference |
|
| 11-12 |
1.72 |
(0.72, 4.12) |
|
3.44 |
(1.31, 9.01) |
|
| 13-14 |
1.59 |
(0.70, 3.59) |
|
2.88 |
(1.15, 7.22) |
|
| Sex |
|
|
0.10* |
|
|
|
| Male |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
| Female |
1.79 |
(0.89, 3.60) |
|
|
|
|
| Ethnicity |
|
|
0.12* |
|
|
|
| Māori |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
| Asian |
3.05 |
(0.91, 10.23) |
|
|
|
|
| New Zealand European/other |
1.55 |
(0.59, 4.06) |
|
|
|
|
| Average annual household income (NZD) |
|
|
0.02* |
|
|
|
| Lower (0-$80,000) |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
| Higher ($80,001+) |
2.39 |
(1.13, 5.05) |
|
|
|
|
| Car access |
|
|
0.23 |
|
|
|
| Unlimited/frequent |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
| Limited/none |
2.04 |
(0.64, 6.50) |
|
|
|
|
| School zoning |
|
|
0.09* |
|
|
|
| Residing in school zone |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
| Residing outside school zone |
0.32 |
(0.09, 1.20) |
|
|
|
|
| Distance to school |
|
|
<0.001* |
|
|
<0.001 |
| 0-700 m |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
1.00 |
Reference |
|
| 701-1000 m |
0.20 |
(0.07, 0.52) |
|
0.17 |
(0.06, 0.48) |
|
| 1001-2000 m |
0.38 |
(0.15, 0.94) |
|
0.34 |
(0.13, 0.92) |
|
| >2000 m |
0.02 |
(0.004, 0.14) |
|
0.02 |
(0.003, 0.10) |
|
| Neighbourhood self selection |
|
|
0.08* |
|
|
0.04 |
| Prefer high walkable, live low walkable |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
1.00 |
Reference |
|
| Other |
2.21 |
(0.91, 5.35) |
|
3.02 |
(1.07, 8.51) |
|
| City# |
|
|
0.07* |
|
|
0.03 |
| North Shore |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
1.00 |
Reference |
|
| Waitakere |
0.81 |
(0.33, 2.02) |
|
0.51 |
(0.18, 1.42) |
|
| Wellington |
0.40 |
(0.15, 1.06) |
|
0.47 |
(0.13, 1.64) |
|
| Christchurch |
0.33 |
(0.13, 0.85) |
|
0.23 |
(0.08, 0.72) |
|
| Rainfall |
|
|
0.21 |
|
|
|
| None |
1.00 |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
| Some |
1.13 |
(0.93, 1.36) |
|
|
|
|
| Sun hours |
1.02 |
(0.99, 1.04) |
0.16* |
|
|
|
| Average temperature | 1.01 | (0.97, 1.04) | 0.72 | |||
*Wald’s p < 0.20 and entered into multivariate model.
#Fixed effect in all bivariate and multivariate models.
†p-value for final multivariate model <0.0001.
Notes: Total number of participants = 156, total number of observations = 748, with the exception of missing participant data for sex (n = 1), body mass index (n = 1), and school zoning (n = 18).
CI, confidence interval; m, metres; NZD, New Zealand Dollars; OR, odds ratio.