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. 2014 Jun 11;11:102. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-102

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Copyright © 2014 Huang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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NKCC1 expression in astrocytes after TNF-R and IL-1R antagonist treatment. Immunofluorescence images show the expression of GFAP (A, D, G, J, M, green), and NKCC1 (B, E, H, K, N, red). Co-localized expression of GFAP and NKCC1 can be seen in C, F, I, L and O. Note that TNF-R and IL-1R antagonist could revert the effect of TNF-α and IL-1β on NKCC1 expression. Scale bars: (A–O), 20 μm. GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IL-1R, interleukin-1 receptor; NKCC1, Na-K-Cl Cotransporter 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.