Table 2.
Maternal characteristics according to extent of smoking during pregnancy
| Maternal characteristics |
Extent of smoking during pregnancy measured per day (n = 770)
¥
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
< 1 cigarette (n = 99) |
1-5 cigarettes (n = 380) |
6-10 cigarettes (n = 203) |
≥ 11 cigarettes (n = 88) |
p-value |
|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
|
Region of residency |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Europe* |
37 (37.4) |
135 (35.5) |
78 (38.4) |
27 (30.7) |
0.068 |
| Northern Europe† |
36 (36.4) |
98 (25.8) |
53 (26.1) |
19 (21.6) |
|
| Eastern Europe§ |
26 (26.3) |
147 (38.7) |
72 (35.5) |
42 (47.7) |
|
|
Maternal age |
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 20 |
8 (8.1) |
25 (6.6) |
17 (8.4) |
1 (1.1) |
0.293 |
| 21-30 |
61 (61.6) |
227 (59.7) |
117 (57.6) |
53 (60.2) |
|
| 31-40 |
29 (29.3) |
118 (31.1) |
68 (33.5) |
31 (35.2) |
|
| > 40 |
1 (1.0) |
10 (2.6) |
1 (0.5) |
3 (3.4) |
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
| Married/cohabiting |
88 (88.9) |
324 (85.3) |
180 (88.7) |
75 (85.2) |
0.588 |
| Other |
11 (11.1) |
56 (14.7) |
23 (11.3) |
13 (14.8) |
|
|
Highest education level |
|
|
|
|
|
| Less than high school |
9 (9.1) |
44 (11.6) |
26 (12.8) |
16 (18.2) |
0.339 |
| High school |
39 (39.4) |
178 (46.8) |
93 (45.8) |
37 (42.0) |
|
| More than high school |
38 (38.4) |
112 (29.5) |
53 (26.1) |
27 (30.7) |
|
| Other |
13 (13.1) |
46 (12.1) |
31 (15.3) |
8 (9.1) |
|
|
Health literacy
¥¥
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
9 (9.3) |
33 (8.8) |
24 (12.1) |
8 (9.4) |
0.655 |
| Medium |
41 (42.3) |
184 (49.3) |
88 (44.2) |
36 (42.4) |
|
| High |
47 (48.5) |
156 (41.8) |
87 (43.7) |
41 (48.2) |
|
|
Working status |
|
|
|
|
|
| Employed (not as HCP) |
64 (64.6) |
210 (55.4) |
100 (49.3) |
44 (50.6) |
0.109 |
| HCP |
11 (11.1) |
40 (10.6) |
16 (7.9) |
5 (5.7) |
|
| Housewife |
7 (7.1) |
40 (10.6) |
25 (12.3) |
10 (11.5) |
|
| Other |
17 (17.2) |
89 (23.5) |
62 (30.5) |
28 (32.2) |
|
|
First language |
|
|
|
|
|
| Same as in country of residency |
91 (91.9) |
361 (95.3) |
196 (96.6) |
84 (96.6) |
0.314 |
| Other |
8 (8.1) |
18 (4.7) |
7 (3.4) |
3 (3.4) |
|
|
Previous children |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
58 (58.6) |
196 (51.6) |
95 (46.8) |
36 (40.9) |
0.071 |
| Yes |
41 (41.4) |
184 (48.4) |
108 (53.2) |
52 (59.1) |
|
|
Morbidity not incl. RD** |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
21 (21.2) |
71 (18.7) |
46 (22.7) |
19 (21.6) |
0.695 |
| No |
78 (78.8) |
309 (81.3) |
157 (77.3) |
69 (78.4) |
|
|
Respiratory disease†† |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
9 (9.1) |
33 (8.7) |
18 (8.9) |
11 (12.5) |
0.731 |
| No |
90 (90.9) |
347 (91.3) |
185 (91.1) |
77 (87.5) |
|
|
Planned pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes/ not completely unexpected |
78 (78.8) |
317 (83.4) |
172 (84.7) |
80 (90.9) |
0.151 |
| No, it was not planned |
21 (21.2) |
63 (16.6) |
31 (15.3) |
8 (9.1) |
|
|
Folic acid use§§ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
84 (86.6) |
322 (86.1) |
167 (83.1) |
68 (81.9) |
0.632 |
| No |
13 (13.4) |
52 (13.9) |
34 (16.9) |
15 (18.1) |
|
|
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
35 (35.4) |
67 (17.7) |
34 (16.9) |
18 (20.9) |
0.001 |
| No | 64 (64.6) | 312 (82.3) | 167 (83.1) | 68 (79.1) | |
HCP = health care provider; RD = respiratory disease.
¥One women (0.1%) did not provide information on extent of smoking in the sub-population of women smoking during pregnancy (n = 771).
Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values. For Folic acid use and Alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the response ‘cannot remember’ was treated as a missing value. Missing values are less than 5% of the total.
*Includes Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom.
†Includes Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
§Includes Croatia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia.
¥¥Measured by a self-assessment scale comprising three questions corresponding to the set of brief screening questions (SBSQ) developed to detect inadequate or marginal health literacy in clinical settings [26,27].
**Includes the presence of a chronic disease (hypothyroidism, rheumatic diseases (incl. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), diabetes (type I or II), epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular diseases (incl. hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart diseases) or others (open-ended option)).
††Includes the presence of asthma, allergy, rhinitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, or other respiratory tract conditions.
§§Indicates folic acid use before and/or during pregnancy.