Table 3.
Factors associated with smoking before pregnancy (n = 8344)
| |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
|
Region of residency |
|
|
|
|
| Western Europe* |
0.92 |
0.82-1.02 |
0.93 |
0.83-1.05 |
| Northern Europe† |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Eastern Europe§ |
1.91 |
1.70-2.14 |
2.25 |
1.99-2.55 |
|
Maternal age |
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 20 |
2.51 |
1.93-3.26 |
1.31 |
0.97-1.76 |
| 21-30 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| 31-40 |
0.65 |
0.59-0.71 |
0.82 |
0.74-0.91 |
| > 40 |
0.49 |
0.34-0.71 |
0.57 |
0.39-0.83 |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
| Married/cohabiting |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Other |
2.89 |
2.36-3.53 |
2.22 |
1.78-2.77 |
|
Highest education level |
|
|
|
|
| Less than high school |
3.57 |
2.87-4.44 |
4.23 |
3.32-5.38 |
| High school |
1.78 |
1.61-1.97 |
1.95 |
1.74-2.18 |
| More than high school |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Other |
1.30 |
1.12-1.50 |
1.48 |
1.27-1.73 |
|
Health literacy** |
|
|
|
|
| Low |
1.25 |
1.04-1.52 |
- |
- |
| Medium |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| High |
0.68 |
0.62-0.75 |
- |
- |
|
Working status |
|
|
|
|
| Employed (not as HCP) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Healthcare personnel (HCP) |
0.84 |
0.73-0.97 |
0.99 |
0.85-1.14 |
| Housewife |
0.86 |
0.73-1.03 |
0.73 |
0.60-0.88 |
| Other |
1.31 |
1.16-1.47 |
0.97 |
0.85-1.11 |
|
First language |
|
|
|
|
| Same as in country of residency |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Other |
0.81 |
0.06-0.99 |
- |
- |
|
Previous children |
|
|
|
|
| No |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Yes |
0.78 |
0.71-0.86 |
0.80 |
0.73-0.89 |
|
Morbidity not incl. RD†† |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1.07 |
0.95-1.20 |
- |
- |
| No |
1 |
|
- |
- |
|
Respiratory disease§§ |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
0.92 |
0.80-1.07 |
- |
- |
| No |
1 |
|
- |
- |
|
Planned pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
| Yes/not completely unexpected |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| No, it was not planned |
1.70 |
1.45-1.98 |
1.32 |
1.11-1.56 |
|
Folic acid use*† |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| No |
1.75 |
1.49-2.05 |
1.66 |
1.40-1.97 |
|
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1.27 |
1.12-1.43 |
1.36 |
1.19-1.55 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
The outcome variable is categorized as Smoking before pregnancy (yes = 1) and Never smoked (no = 0).
Significant p-values are in bold.
HCP = health care provider; RD = respiratory disease.
Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values. For Folic acid use and Alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the response ‘cannot remember’ was treated as a missing value. Missing values are less than 5% of the total.
*Includes Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom.
†Includes Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
§Includes Croatia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia.
**Measured by a self-assessment scale comprising three questions corresponding to the set of brief screening questions (SBSQ) developed to detect inadequate or marginal health literacy in clinical settings [26,27].
††Includes the presence of a chronic disease (hypothyroidism, rheumatic diseases (incl. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), diabetes (type I or II), epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular diseases (incl. hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart diseases) or others (open-ended option)).
§§Includes the presence of asthma, allergy, rhinitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, or other respiratory tract conditions.
*†Indicates folic acid use before and/or during pregnancy.