Table 4.
Factors associated with continuing smoking during pregnancy (n = 2944)
| |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
|
Region of residency |
|
|
|
|
| Western Europe* |
1.37 |
1.11-1.68 |
1.46 |
1.16-1.84 |
| Northern Europe† |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Eastern Europe§ |
1.19 |
0.97-1.46 |
1.66 |
1.31-2.10 |
|
Maternal age |
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 20 |
1.46 |
1.03-2.09 |
0.93 |
0.63-1.39 |
| 21-30 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| 31-40 |
0.97 |
0.81-1.16 |
1.19 |
0.97-1.45 |
| > 40 |
1.72 |
0.90-3.30 |
1.82 |
0.91-3.65 |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
| Married/cohabiting |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Other |
2.13 |
1.63-2.77 |
1.75 |
1.30-2.35 |
|
Highest education level |
|
|
|
|
| Less than high school |
3.75 |
2.78-5.08 |
3.64 |
2.58-5.14 |
| High school |
2.58 |
2.12-3.13 |
2.53 |
2.05-3.11 |
| More than high school |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Other |
1.97 |
1.50-2.59 |
1.99 |
1.49-2.66 |
|
Health literacy** |
|
|
|
|
| Low |
1.54 |
1.13-2.09 |
1.49 |
1.08-2.06 |
| Medium |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| High |
1.00 |
0.84-1.19 |
1.06 |
0.87-1.28 |
|
Working status |
|
|
|
|
| Employed (not as HCP) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Healthcare personnel (HCP) |
0.85 |
0.64-1.12 |
0.92 |
0.68-1.23 |
| Housewife |
2.08 |
1.54-2.81 |
1.43 |
1.04-1.97 |
| Other |
1.45 |
1.18-1.77 |
1.21 |
0.97-1.52 |
|
First language |
|
|
|
|
| Same as in country of residency |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Other |
0.96 |
0.65-1.41 |
- |
- |
|
Previous children |
|
|
|
|
| No |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Yes |
1.31 |
1.11-1.55 |
1.24 |
1.03-1.49 |
|
Co-morbidity not incl. RD†† |
|
|
|
|
| No |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
1.19 |
0.97-1.47 |
- |
- |
|
Respiratory disease§§ |
|
|
|
|
| No |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes |
0.84 |
0.63-1.11 |
- |
- |
|
Planned pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
| Yes/not completely unexpected |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| No, it was not planned |
1.77 |
1.40-2.25 |
1.31 |
1.00-1.72 |
|
Folic acid use*† |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| No |
1.74 |
1.36-2.23 |
1.59 |
1.22-2.06 |
|
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
| No |
1 |
|
- |
- |
| Yes | 1.21 | 0.98-1.49 | - | - |
The outcome variable is categorized as Continuing smoking during pregnancy (yes = 1) and Quitting smoking during pregnancy (no = 0).
Significant p-values are in bold.
HCP = health care provider; RD = respiratory disease.
Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values. For Folic acid use and Alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the response ‘cannot remember’ was treated as a missing value. Missing values are less than 5% of the total.
*Includes Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom.
†Includes Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
§Includes Croatia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia.
**Measured by a self-assessment scale comprising three questions corresponding to the set of brief screening questions (SBSQ) developed to detect inadequate or marginal health literacy in clinical settings [26,27].
††Includes the presence of a chronic disease (hypothyroidism, rheumatic diseases (incl. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), diabetes (type I or II), epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular diseases (incl. hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart diseases) or others (open-ended option)).
§§Includes the presence of asthma, allergy, rhinitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, or other respiratory tract conditions.
*†Indicates folic acid use before and/or during pregnancy.