Characteristics of 5880 participants according to definition of osteoporosis and fracture risk category*. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristic | Overall cohort (n=5880) | Osteoporosis by WHO† criteria (n=130) | Osteoporosis by NOF‡ (but not WHO) criteria (n=422) | No osteoporosis by WHO or NOF criteria | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High fracture risk§ (n=936) | Low fracture risk§ (n=4392) | ||||
| Mean (SD) age, years | 73.6 (5.9) | 77.1 (6.4) | 74.3 (6.2) | 77.9 (5.0) | 72.5 (5.5) |
| Age group, years: | |||||
| 65-69 | 1747 (30) | 19 (15) | 116 (27) | 42 (4) | 1570 (36) |
| 70-74 | 1678 (29) | 25 (19) | 105 (25) | 184 (20) | 1364 (31) |
| 75-79 | 1419 (24) | 37 (28) | 112 (27) | 339 (36) | 931 (21) |
| ≥80 | 1036 (18) | 49 (38) | 89 (21) | 371 (40) | 527 (12) |
| White ethnicity | 5257 (89) | 118 (91) | 377 (89) | 908 (97) | 3854 (88) |
| Mean (SD) bone mineral density, g/cm2: | |||||
| Lumbar spine | 1.17 (0.25) | 0.94 (0.19) | 0.88 (0.13) | 1.12 (0.19) | 1.22 (0.24) |
| Femoral neck | 0.79 (0.13) | 0.52 (0.04) | 0.65 (0.08) | 0.69 (0.07) | 0.83 (0.11) |
| Total hip | 0.96 (0.14) | 0.68 (0.08) | 0.80 (0.09) | 0.87 (0.09) | 1.00 (0.12) |
| Mean (SD) body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.4 (3.8) | 24.6 (3.2) | 26.1 (4.3) | 26.2 (3.1) | 27.9 (3.8) |
| Current smoker | 205 (3) | 9 (7) | 16 (4) | 34 (4) | 146 (3) |
| ≥3 alcoholic drinks/day | 237 (4) | 3 (2) | 14 (3) | 58 (6) | 162 (4) |
| Any fracture since age 50 | 1299 (22) | 52 (40) | 121 (29) | 381 (41) | 745 (17) |
| Oral corticosteroid use | 477 (8) | 13 (10) | 57 (14) | 110 (12) | 297 (7) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 304 (5) | 8 (6) | 21 (5) | 82 (9) | 193 (4) |
| Parental history of hip fracture | 743 (13) | 21 (16) | 62 (15) | 355 (38) | 305 (7) |
| FRAX 10 year probability of hip fracture ≥3% | 1299 (22) | 128 (98) | 237 (56) | 934 (~100) | 0 (0) |
| FRAX 10 year probability of major osteoporotic fracture ≥20% | 122 (2) | 30 (23) | 27 (6) | 65 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Started bisphosphonate treatment during follow-up | 426 (7) | 40 (31) | 134 (32) | 91 (10) | 161 (4) |
| Incident hip fracture | 177 (3) | 26 (20) | 28 (7) | 59 (6) | 64 (1) |
| Incident major osteoporotic fracture | 429 (7) | 38 (29) | 74 (18) | 111 (12) | 206 (5) |
| Died during follow-up | 1883 (32) | 55 (42) | 151 (36) | 430 (46) | 1247 (28) |
All characteristics assessed at baseline except for incident hip fracture, incident major osteoporotic fracture, and death.
*Fracture risk calculated using models with femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD).
†World Health Organization definition of osteoporosis based on use of female specific T score of –2.5 or below at femoral neck (that is, femoral neck BMD ≤0.558 g/cm2).
‡National Osteoporosis Foundation definition of osteoporosis based on use of male specific T score of –2.5 or below at femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine; this group (osteoporosis by NOF but not WHO criteria) includes men with femoral neck BMD 0.558-0.592 g/cm2, total hip BMD ≤0.681 g/cm2, or total lumbar spine BMD ≤0.816 g/cm2.
§High fracture risk as defined by FRAX (with BMD) 10 year probabilities of hip fracture ≥3% or major osteoporotic fracture ≥20%; low fracture risk as defined by FRAX (with BMD) 10 year probabilities of hip fracture <3% and major osteoporotic fracture <20%.