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Urinary elimination profiles of (A) C3G and its metabolites, (B) PCA and its metabolites, and (C) methylated PCA and its metabolites in humans after the consumption of 500 mg 13C5-C3G in eight healthy male participants. All data are mean ± SEM. C3G, cyanidin-3-glucoside; Cy, cyanidin; GlcA, glucuronide; M34dhbz, methyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate; Me, methylated; P3G, peonidin-3-glucoside; PCA, protocatechuic acid; VA, vanillic acid.
