Table 3.
Urinary recovery of cyanidin-3-glucoside, its degradation products and derived metabolites in humans after the consumption of 500 mg 13C-labelled C3Ga
| Metabolite | nb | Maximum concentration (nM) | Time at maximum concentration (h)c | Total recovery (μg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent anthocyanin | ||||
| Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) | 7 | 334 ± 145 | 1–2 | 120.0 ± 54.1 |
| Cyanidin-glucuronided | 5 | 88 ± 42 | 1–2 | 23.9 ± 11.3 |
| Cyanidin-glucuronided | 3 | 19 ± 7 | 1–2 | 12.2 ± 6.8 |
| Peonidin-3-glucoside | 7 | 76 ± 43 | 1–2 | 22.9 ± 10.6 |
| Methyl-cyanidin-glucuronidee | 5 | 206 ± 105 | 1–2 | 74.9 ± 36.0 |
| Methyl-C3G-glucuronidee | 4 | 6 ± 2 | 1–2 | 2.3 ± 1.1 |
| Methyl-C3G-glucuronidee | 4 | 14 ± 7 | 1–2 | 6.7 ± 3.7 |
| Methyl-C3G-glucuronidee | 5 | 20 ± 8 | 1–2 | 9.5 ± 5.5 |
| Degradants | ||||
| Protocatechuic acid (PCA) | 8 | 337 ± 117 | 1–2 | 71.6 ± 20.9 |
| Phloroglucinaldehyde | 8 | 170 ± 42 | 6–24 | 66.7 ± 21.3 |
| Protocatechuic acid derived | ||||
| Hydroxybenzoic acidf | 5 | 49 ± 11 | 1–2 | 13.2 ± 3.7 |
| Vanillic acid (VA) | 4 | 3412 ± 312 | 1–2 | 960.4 ± 350.0 |
| IsoVA | 4 | 212 ± 130 | 1–2 | 79.5 ± 54.2 |
| Methyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate | 8 | 108 ± 39 | 3–4 | 20.7 ± 8.0 |
| Benzoic acid-4-glucuronide | 7 | 129 ± 47 | 4–5 | 53.1 ± 18.1 |
| PCA-3-glucuronide | 8 | 301 ± 72 | 1–2 | 197.7 ± 41.2 |
| PCA-4-glucuronide | 8 | 233 ± 65 | 1–2 | 100.3 ± 30.2 |
| PCA-3-sulfate | 8 | 1112 ± 318 | 1–2 | 322.0 ± 87.3 |
| PCA-4-sulfate | 8 | 1244 ± 333 | 1–2 | 492.4 ± 193.0 |
| VA-4-glucuronide | 8 | 762 ± 124 | 4–5 | 618.4 ± 109.7 |
| IsoVA-3-glucuronide | 8 | 699 ± 90 | 5–6 | 526.8 ± 92.2 |
| VA-4-sulfate | 7 | 1682 ± 899 | 3–4 | 449.1 ± 112.4 |
| IsoVA-3-sulfate | 5 | 822 ± 557 | 3–4 | 183.2 ± 93.1 |
| Hippuric acid | 8 | 5417 ± 4906 | 6–24 | 2415.6 ± 2223.0 |
| Ferulic acid | 8 | 1839 ± 657 | 24–48 | 798.2 ± 295.7 |
| 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 3 | 391 ± 113 | 4–5 | 50.0 ± 2.0 |
| 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | 1 | 82 | 24–48 | 28.0 |
| 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 2 | 97 ± 94 | 5–6 | 10.0 ± 9.0 |
| 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde | 6 | 24 ± 7 | 0–1 | 6.3 ± 2.6 |
| Phloroglucinaldehyde derived | ||||
| Ferulic acidg | 8 | 474 ± 273 | 0–1 | 225.1 ± 175.3 |
| 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid | 1 | 172 | 3–4 | 64.6 |
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
b
Metabolites detected in n = number of participants.
c
Samples were pooled across participants urine voids, for t = 0–1 h (n = 3), t = 1–2 h (n = 5), t = 2–3 h (n = 6), t = 3–4 h (n = 6), t = 4–5 h (n = 4), t = 5–6 h (n = 8), t = 6–24 h (n = 8) and t = 24–48 h (n = 8).
d
Quantified relative to C3G.
e
Quantified relative to peonidin-3-glucoside.
f
Includes both isomers (3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid).
g
Alternative isomers of ferulic acid include 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid or 4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamic acid.