Reversible toxicity in TRMA–/– cells maintained in thiamine-depleted medium. Fibroblasts from a patient with TRMA were grown for 9 days without thiamine (a) or with 3 mM supplemental thiamine (b). Without thiamine, all cells in thi– medium die by day 10 (c). Addition of 3 mM thiamine at day 9 rescues the remaining viable cells within 24 h (d). ×20 (a, b, d); ×40 (c). Thi– medium, α-MEM minus thiamine; TRMA, thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia.