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The change in Int-NA before (PRE), during (CVD), and after (POST) carvedilol loading during AF rhythm (n = 5 dogs). Stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA) (A), VNA (B), and SLGPAN (C) did not decrease during carvedilol loading. Interestingly, all three nerve activities increased after carvedilol withdrawal. *P < 0.05 vs. PRE.
