Table 1.

Overview of gastric cancer detection and treatment via traditional methods compared with metabolomics

Cancer detection state/stage	Traditional methods	Metabolomics (biomarkers)	Ref.
Diagnosis	Endoscopy, biopsy	Lactic acid, butanedioic acid, malic acid, citric acids, pyruvic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, serine, proline	[91,93,100,101]
Prognosis	Radiotherapy, chemotherapy surgery	Valine, isoleucine, serine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, hippurate, citrate	[96,99,102]
Metastasis	Computed tomography (CT) scanning, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), positron emission tomography (PET)	Sarcosine, alanine, proline, serine, myo-inositol, glycerol	[90,91,98,103]
Chemosensitivity of drugs	MTT chemosensitivity assay	1-acyl-lysophosphatidylcholines and polyunsaturated fatty acids	[75,104]