Fig. 14.

Rate of emergency room mentions per 1000 users for a series of drugs and drug classes as calculated from surveys conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in 2011. Abscissa shows drug or drug class. Ordinate shows the ratio of Emergency Room Mentions (from Drug Abuse Warning Network) per 1000 Past Year Users (from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health) (log scale). Drugs associated with high rates of emergency room mentions per 1000 users also tend to produce robust facilitation of ICSS and maintain self-administration across a broad range of conditions. This analysis illustrates one possible approach to quantifying negative consequences of drug use as a metric for abuse liability in humans.