TABLE 1.

Effects of monoamine releasers on intracranial self-stimulation

Drug Pharmacologya		Doses	Route	Strain/Species	Sex	ICSS Procedureb		Drug Effectc	Dependent Measure	Reference
Drug Name	Selectivity					Structure	Parameter
		mg/kg
Amphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	0.1–2.0	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Free operant		Facilitation	↑rate	Carey et al., 1974
Amphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	0.25–2.0	i.p.	Fischer rat	Male	Discrete trial	Amplitude	Facilitation	↓CIT	Esposito et al., 1980
Amphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	0.032–1.0	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↓θ0 ↑rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
Amphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	1.0–4.0	i.p.	C57Bl6/J mouse	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↓M50	Elmer et al., 2010
Amphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	1.0–4.0	i.p.	DBA/2J mouse	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↓M50	Elmer et al., 2010
(+)-Phenmetrazine	DA/NE>5HT	0.32–10	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↓θ0 ↑rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
m-Fluroamphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	1.0–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↓θ0 ↑rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
(+)-Methamphetamine	DA/NE>5HT	0.032–1.0	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↓θ0 ↑rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
(±)Methcathinone	DA/NE>5HT	0.1–1.0	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Facilitation	↑rate	Bonano et al., 2014
PAL-314	DA/NE>5HT	0.32–10	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↓θ0 ↑↓rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
PAL-313	DA/NE/5HT	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↓θ0 ↑↓rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
(+)MDMA	DA/NE/5HT	0.1–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↓θ0 ↑↓rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
PAL-287	DA/NE/5HT	0.32–10	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↓θ0 ↑↓rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
(−)MDMA	DA<NE/5HT	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↑↓rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
(±)Methylone	DA/NE/5HT	1.0–10	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↑↓rate	Bonano et al., 2014
(±)Mephedrone	DA/NE/5HT	1.0–10	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↑↓rate	Bonano et al., 2014
(±)Mephedrone	DA/NE/5HT	1.0–10	i.p.	C57Bl6/J mouse	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↓θ0 ↓EF50	Robinson et al., 2012
PAL-544	DA/NE/5HT	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↑↓rate	Banks et al., 2014
PAL-571	DA/NE/5HT	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Mixed	↑↓rate	Banks et al., 2014
PAL-569	DA<NE/5HT	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Depression	↓rate	Banks et al., 2014
PAL-542	DA/5HT>NE	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Depression	↓rate	Banks et al., 2014
Fenfluramine	DA<5HT/NE	0.32–3.2	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Hybrid	Frequency	Depression	↓rate	Bauer et al., 2013b
Fenfluramine	DA<5HT/NE	20	i.p.	Sprague-Dawley rat	Male	Free operant		Depression	↓rate	Olds, 1995

Rate, response rate; CIT, current-intensity threshold; θ₀: theta-0 threshold; M₅₀ or EF₅₀, frequency maintaining 50% maximum rate.

^aSelectivity for monoamine release.

^bFirst colunn indicates structure of experimental session (see text for details). Second column indicates stimulation parameter under manipulation across trials.

^cMost prominent drug effect on ICSS.