Table 1.
Characteristics and reading processing skills of the control, phonological, and surface groups.
| Controls | Phonological profile | Surface profile | Phon. vs. Surf. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | p (2-tailed) | |
| CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
| Age | 9.31 (1.52) | 9.49 (1.35) | 9.42 (1.62) | 0.11 | 0.92 |
| Nonverbal IQ (K-Bit, standardized score/100) | NA | 105.22 (8.60) | 101.44 (13.48) | 0.71 | 0.49 |
| Nonword reading (CC2, z-score) | 0.15 (0.66) | −1.58 (0.25)** | −0.51 (0.44)* | −6.31 | 0.00** |
| Irregular word reading (CC2, z-score) | 0.29 (0.55) | −0.57 (0.21)** | −1.53 (0.24)** | 8.94 | 0.00** |
| READING PROCESSING SKILLS | |||||
| Letter analysis (Cross-case matching, raw score/14) | 13.57 (1.13) | 13.78 (0.44) | 13.00 (1.58) | 0.34 | 0.73 |
| Letter-sound knowledge (LeST, raw score/51) | 41.67 (3.61) | 34.11 (7.22)* | 40.78 (4.06) | 2.42 | 0.03* |
| Orthographic lexicon (DOOR/DOAR, raw score/30) | 22.89 (4.89) | 24.44 (2.01) | 18.89 (3.72)+ | 3.94 | 0.00** |
| Semantics (PPVT, standardized score/100) | 104.57 (13.97) | 96.56 (7.99) | 96.56 (12.82) | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Phonological Lexicon (ACE, standardized score/10) | 8.86 (2.04) | 7.89 (1.54) | 7.67 (2.96) | 0.20 | 0.85 |
| Phonemic Buffer (NEPSY, standardized score/10) | 9.43 (3.65) | 8.22 (2.22) | 10.11 (1.45) | 2.13 | 0.05+ |
The asterisks in the “phonological profile” and “surface profile” columns indicate significant differences compared to control group.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
+
p < 0.1.