Table 4.
Correlations of the outcome measures and the predictors with (below the diagonal line) and without (above the diagonal line) age and nonverbal IQ controlled.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | 1. Untimed reading | – | 0.93 | 0.68 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.43 |
| 2. Time-limited reading | 0.89 | – | 0.71 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.40 | |
| 3. Spelling | 0.57 | 0.65 | – | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.45 | |
| 4. Orthographic choice | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.62 | – | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.28 | |
| Irregular | 5. Untimed reading | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.45 | – | 0.85 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.18 |
| 6. Time-limited reading | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.83 | – | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.28 | |
| 7. Spelling | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.69 | – | 0.73 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.46 | |
| 8. Orthographic choice | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.68 | – | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.39 | |
| Predictors | 9. Letter analysis | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.37 | – | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.44 |
| 10. Letter-sound know. | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.19 | – | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.33 | |
| 11. Orthog. lexicon | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.22 | – | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.38 | |
| 12. Semantics | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.20 | 0.26 | – | 0.67 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.48 | |
| 13. Phono. lexicon | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.50 | – | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.44 | |
| 14. Phonemic buffer | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.23 | – | 0.16 | 0.13 | |
| 15. Age | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.48 | |
| 16. Non-verbal IQ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Predictors 9–14 refer to the six reading components tested by: Cross-case copying (Letter Analysis, 9); Letter-sound test (Letter-sound knowledge; 10); Door/Doar Lexical Decision (Orthographic lexicon, 11); PPVT (Semantic knowledge, 12); ACE (Phonological lexicon, 13); NEPSY (Phonemic buffer, 14); Age (15); Non-verbal IQ (K-Bit, 16).
Values represent Pearson's correlation coefficients; numbers in bold indicate p < 0.05, 2-tailed.