Figure 1.

Twenty-four-hour urinary cortisol excretion based on maternal age at Holocaust exposure in control subjects and Holocaust offspring. Estimated marginal means ± SEM for urinary cortisol levels (microgram per day) are presented for comparison subjects (white bar) and Holocaust survivor offspring grouped according to whether offspring’s mother was a child (age 0–11; solid blue bar), adolescent (age 12–18; speckled gold bar), or adult (diagonally striped red bar) at Holocaust exposure (age 18 or older). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.