Table 1.

Comparison of Holocaust offspring and comparison subjects.

	Offspring (n = 69)	Control (n = 26)	Fdf, p, or ${\mathrm{\chi }}_{\text{df}}^2$, p
Age	47.9 ± 7.4	42.5 ± 10.7	F1,93 = 7.70, p = 0.007
Gender (% males)	23 (33.3%)	12 (46.2%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 1.33, ns
Years of education	17.2 ± 3.1	16.9 ± 2.2	F1,93 = 0.17, ns
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.6 ± 4.3	24.1 ± 4.0	F1,93 = 0.25, ns
Beck Depression Inventory	8.1 ± 6.9	4.4 ± 5.6	F1,64 = 3.96, (p = 0.051)
Spielberger Trait Anxietya	21.4 ± 10.9	15.1 ± 11.5	F1,60 = 4.21, p = 0.044
Spielberger State Anxietya	16.8 ± 12.6	9.4 ± 8.8	F1,64 = 5.09, p = 0.028
CTQ total scoreb	41.2 ± 13.6	35.9 ± 12.1	F1,87 = 2.88, (p = 0.094)
CAPS total score – currentc	14.8 ± 20.8	8.7 ± 19.7	F1,85 = 1.46, ns
CAPS total score – lifetimec	24.5 ± 26.5	15.9 ± 25.7	F1,86 = 1.86, ns
Depressive disorder – currentd	13 (18.8%)	1 (3.8%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 3.38, (p = 0.066)
Depressive disorder – lifetimed	32 (46.4%)	8 (30.8%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 1.89, ns
Anxiety disorder – currentd	22 (31.9%)	3 (11.5%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 4.03, p = 0.045
Anxiety disorder – lifetimed	32 (46.4%)	5 (19.2%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 5.85, p = 0.016
PTSD – currente	4 (5.8%)	1 (4.0%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 0.12, ns
PTSD – lifetimee	13 (18.8%)	1 (4.0%)	${\mathrm{\chi }}_1^2$ = 3.19, (p = 0.074)
Urinary cortisol (RIA; μg/day)	51.3 ± 27.5	57.6 ± 31.4	F1,93 = 0.90, ns

^aSpielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); ^bChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ); ^cClinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) ratings for PTSD-related symptom severity; ^dDiagnoses according to DSM-IV criteria based on clinical interview; ^eDiagnoses based on CAPS criteria for current and lifetime PTSD.