Table 1. Maximum residual insecticide contamination allowed to protect a long-lived pollinator (e.g. life-span 50 days) compared to the application rate when the insect pest is targeted in 2 days (Ratio pollinator/pest = 50/2). Assumes identical sensitivity to the toxin for both target and non-target insects. Relative safety factors (x 3) required to protect the beneficial pollinator are indicated for each case.

Pesticide toxicity time dependence	Description	Residual Concentration compared to treatment level that kills non-target insects	Include Safety Factor × 3
t0	Threshold level only – doesn't depend on time	1/1	1/3
t1	Accumulate to threshold with time – Haber's rule	1/25	1/75
t2	Enhanced or delayed toxicity	1/625	1/1875