Table 1.
Subject characteristics.
| T1DM+ patients | T1DM− patients | Control subjects | p-Values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 42 | 41 | 33 | – |
| Age (years) | 44.7 ± 7.15⁎# | 38.39 ± 9.18 | 38.21 ± 11.09 | 0.002 |
| Gender (m/f) | 19/23 | 17/24 | 15/18 | 0.922 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D)a | 12.07 ± 10.56 | 7.00 ± 6.61 | 6.09 ± 7.12 | 0.004 |
| Estimated IQ (NART)b | 110.05 ± 13.69 | 106.29 ± 11.16 | 108.66 ± 12.14 | 0.306 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 135.42 ± 17.41⁎ | 128.82 ± 13.89 | 126.34 ± 10.78 | 0.020 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77.26 ± 8.62 | 77.68 ± 9.72 | 78.92 ± 6.65 | 0.694 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.04 ± 4.23 | 25.12 ± 3.62 | 24.88 ± 3.40 | 0.365 |
| Hypertension (%)c | 30 (71.4) | 11 (26.8) | – | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes early onset (%)d | 13 (31) | 6 (14.6) | – | 0.077 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 33.78 ± 7.80 | 21.85 ± 9.78 | – | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes onset age (years) | 10.09 ± 7.47 | 16.53 ± 9.50 | – | 0.004 |
| Lifetime severe hypoglycaemic eventse | 6.09 ± 9.83 | 6.85 ± 11.15 | – | 0.576 |
| Peripheral neuropathy (%)f | 21 (50) | – | – | – |
| Whole brain volume (mL) | 1424 ± 12.0 | 1427 ± 12.2 | 1465 ± 136 | 0.053 |
| Grey matter volume (mL) | 744 ± 7.7 | 752 ± 7.8 | 765 ± 8.7 | 0.178 |
| White matter hyperintensities (%)g | 10 (23.8) | 8 (19.5) | 4 (12.1) | 0.437 |
Subject characteristics for T1DM with proliferative retinopathy (T1DM+), T1DM without complications (T1DM−) and control participants. Data are given as means with SD or absolute numbers with percentage.
Bold values indicate significance at p < 0.05.
Depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies scale for Depression.
Estimated IQ was measured using the Dutch version of the National Adult Reading Test.
Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of ≥ 140 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure of ≥ 90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive drugs.
Diabetes early onset was defined as an onset age below the age of 7 years.
Severe hypoglycaemic events were self-reported and defined as events for which the patient needs assistance from a third person to recuperate as a result of loss of consciousness or seriously deranged functioning, coma, or seizure owing to low glucose levels.
Peripheral neuropathy was based on medical records or, in case they were not available, based on self-report.
White matter hyperintensities were classified according to the Fazekas score. In this sample only Fazekas scores 0 (no lesions) or 1 (small punctiform lesions) were present. Number of patients (and as a percentage of the group) with Fazekas score 1 is given for each group.
Significantly different from controls (p < 0.05).
Significantly different from T1DM− (p < 0.05).