Table 3.
Means and standard deviations (SD) of Impact of Event Scale (IES), Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) in the different attachment style groups at 4 months (T1), 16 months (T2), and 28 months (T3) and ANOVA statistics for attachment effects with post hoc analyses to conclude which of the groups differ from each other
| Type of predominant attachment style | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
|
Measures |
Secure n=99, 79, 64 M (SD) |
Avoidant n=80, 62, 42 M (SD) |
Preoccupied n=50, 37, 28 M (SD) |
F |
Post hoc analyses (Sheffé) |
| T1 IES-22 | 22.4 (20.7) | 27.6 (21.8) | 39.0 (25.7) | 9.24*** | Sec<Pre, Avo<Pre |
| T2 IES-22 | 13.1 (16.2) | 18.7 (20.5) | 24.8 (23.4) | 4.73* | Sec<Pre |
| T3 IES-22 | 8.2 (13.3) | 16.2 (21.7) | 16.5 (19.6) | 3.62* | |
| T1 IES-Intrusive | 7.7 (7.7) | 9.7 (8.3) | 12.7 (9.8) | 5.76** | Sec<Pre |
| T2 IES-Intrusive | 5.0 (6.2) | 7.1 (8.1) | 8.3 (8.3) | 2.87 | |
| T3 IES-Intrusive | 3.3 (5.3) | 6.7 (8.9) | 5.7 (6.1) | 3.47* | Sec<Avo |
| T1 IES-Avoidance | 8.8 (8.3) | 10.5 (8.3) | 16.3 (9.8) | 12.66*** | Sec<Pre, Avo<Pre |
| T2 IES-Avoidance | 5.1 (6.9) | 7.2 (9.0) | 10.1 (9.9) | 4.43** | Sec<Pre |
| T3 IES-Avoidance | 3.5 (5.7) | 5.7 (8.7) | 6.8 (9.1) | 2.34 | |
| T1 IES-Hyperarousal | 5.9 (6.8) | 7.4 (7.2) | 10.1 (8.3) | 5.48** | Sec<Pre |
| T2 IES-Hyperarousal | 3.0 (4.6) | 4.5 (5.7) | 6.4 (6.9) | 4.88** | Sec<Pre |
| T3 IES-Hyperarousal | 1.4 (3.5) | 3.7 (5.9) | 4.0 (6.1) | 4.04* | |
| T1 A-DES | 2.3 (3.8) | 4.7 (6.5) | 6.3 (11.2) | 6.18** | Sec<Pre |
| T2 A-DES | 1.5 (4.0) | 2.5 (3.5) | 5.7 (9.0) | 8.00*** | Sec<Pre, Avo<Pre |
| T3 A-DES | 1.6 (6.0) | 1.8 (3.3) | 3.6 (6.8) | 1.35 | |
| T2 PTGI | 53.9 (14.2) | 51.7 (14.3) | 57.6 (15.1) | 1.80 | |
| T3 PTGI | 55.6 (15.7) | 51.2 (13.5) | 58.0 (13.2) | 1.77 | |
| T2 relating to others | 18.8 (5.0) | 17.7 (5.0) | 20.6 (4.9) | 3.64* | Avo<Pre |
| T3 relating to others | 19.3 (5.6) | 16.9 (5.0) | 20.6 (4.2) | 4.24* | Avo<Sec, Avo<Pre |
| T2 new possibilities | 10.0 (3.5) | 9.9 (3.4) | 11.4 (3.6) | 2.49 | |
| T3 new possibilities | 10.4 (3.7) | 9.5 (3.6) | 11.3 (2.7) | 2.02 | |
| T2 personal strength | 11.1 (3.6) | 10.8 (3.9) | 11.1 (3.8) | 0.16 | |
| T3 personal strength | 11.6 (4.1) | 11.3 (3.4) | 11.7 (3.8) | 0.13 | |
| T2 spiritual change | 3.2 (1.8) | 3.3 (2.1) | 3.7 (2.3) | 0.63 | |
| T3 spiritual change | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.5 (2.2) | 0.02 | |
| T2 appreciation of life | 10.7 (2.9) | 10.0 (2.7) | 10.9 (3.1) | 1.19 | |
| T3 appreciation of life | 10.8 (2.9) | 10.2 (2.5) | 11.0 (2.6) | 0.88 | |
Note: T1=(first) questionnaire at 4 months, T2=(second) questionnaire at 16 months, T3=(third) questionnaire at 28 months. Sec=secure predominant attachment style, Avo=avoidant predominant attachment style, Pre=preoccupied predominant attachment style.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001.