TABLE 1. Demographic, haemodynamic, biochemical and health behaviour characteristics by ethnicity.
| Variable | European (n = 605) | African Caribbean (n = 214) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69.8 ± 6.2 | 70.5 ± 5.8 | 0.1 |
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| Men % (n) | 78% (477) | 52% (111) | <0.0001 |
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| Diabetes (known and newly diagnosed) % (n) | 19% (113) | 41% (87) | <0.0001 |
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| HbA1c(%) | 6.0±0.7 | 6.5±1.1 | <0.0001 |
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| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.1 (4.8–5.6) | 5.2 (4.8–5.8) | 0.1 |
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| Fasting plasma insulin (μU/ml) | 8.8 (5.5–13.5) | 7.8 (5.3–11.4) | 0.1 |
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| HOMA2-IR | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.1 |
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| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8±4.8 | 28.9±4.9 | 0.005 |
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| Ever smoker % (n) | 62% (375) | 31% (67) | <0.0001 |
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| Alcohol at least once weekly | 70% (417) | 38% (81) | <0.0001 |
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| Urine ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.45 (0.26–0.84) | 0.42 (0.24–0.83) | 0.7 |
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| Stroke history % (n) | 5% (28) | 9% (20) | 0.01 |
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| Atrial fibrillation % (n) | 9% (52) | 3% (7) | 0.01 |
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| Prevalent coronary disease % (n) | 14% (85) | 8% (17) | 0.02 |
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| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.9±1.1 | 4.7±1.1 | 0.06 |
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| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.39±0.35 | 1.50±0.37 | 0.0004 |
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| Antihypertensive medication [% (n)] | 54% (325) | 76% (163) | <0.0001 |
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| Brachial systolic clinic (mmHg) | 138±17.2 | 142±17.3 | 0.005 |
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| Brachial diastolic clinic (mmHg) | 77±9.7 | 78±9.0 | 0.5 |
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| Brachial mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 98±10.7 | 99±10.5 | 0.05 |
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| Brachial pulse pressure (mmHg) | 61±14.5 | 64±14.0 | 0.004 |
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| Hypertension % (n) | 71% (428) | 86% (185) | <0.0001 |
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| Central systolic clinic (mmHg) | 132±16.2 | 136±15.6 | 0.007 |
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| Total arterial compliance (ml/mmHg) | 1.01±0.39 | 0.92±0.29 | 0.002 |
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| ABPM subgroup | European (n = 233) | African Caribbean (n = 89) | |
| ABPM day systolic (mmHg) | 129±13.5 | 132±13.7 | 0.1 |
| ABPM day diastolic (mmHg) | 77±8.4 | 78±8.9 | 0.5 |
| ABPM night systolic (mmHg) | 113±15.0 | 118±13.9 | 0.002 |
| ABPM night diastolic (mmHg) | 65±9.3 | 69±9.1 | 0.001 |
| ABPM systolic dipping (%) | 12.8±8.1 | 10.0±8.0 | 0.007 |
| ABPM diastolic dipping (%) | 15.3±9.6 | 11.6±9.8 | 0.002 |
Mean±SD, median (25th, 75th percentile) for skewed variables or % (n). ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.