Figure 5.

(a, b) Experimentally and (c) numerically obtained temperature resulted from Joule heating with various conductivities and applied potentials. Temperature was measured on thin PDMS film located ∼150 μm below the iDEP channel. (a, b) Experimentally measured temporal temperature variations using a phosphate buffer with conductivity of (a) 100 μS/cm (∼0.6 mM) and (b) 1 mS/cm (∼5 mM). Three different potentials were tested for each conductivity: 100 V (green), 1000 V (red), and 3000 V (blue) for a 1 cm long channel. (c) Temporal temperature variations obtained numerically for 100 μS/cm (triangles) and 1 mS/cm on the film (filled circles) and in the channel (nonfilled circles) when 3000 V is applied.