Table 3.

Risk of bias summary for included studies

	Selection Bias	Performance Bias	Detection Bias		Attrition Bias	Reporting Bias
	Random Sequence	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants and personnel	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting
Chamberlain et al. [52]	+	+	?	?	+	+
Gardner et al. [44]	+	+	?	+	+	+
Reid et al. [19]	+	?	+	+	?	+
Shaw et al. [36]	+	+	+	?	+	+
Tein et al. [51]	+	?	?	+	+	+
Lavigne et al. [40]	+	?	?	+	+	+
Baydar et al. [55]	+	+	+	+	+	+
Gardner et al. [17]	+	+	+	?	+	+
Kjøbli et al. [58]	+	+	?	+	+	+
McGilloway et al. [60]	+	+	+	+	+	+
McTaggart & Sanders [56]	?	−	?	?	?	+
Stolk et al. [53]	+	+	+	+	+	+
Van Ziejl et al. [54]	+	+	+	+	+	+
Wachlarowicz et al. [59]	+	?	?	+	+	+
Kling et al. [57]	+	+	+	?	+	+

+: low risk

?: unclear risk

−: high risk