Table 4.

Non-adjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association of socioeconomic and demographic variables with the dietary patterns identified among 23 to 25-year-old adults of the Ribeirão Preto birth cohort (4th phase: 2002–2004)

Variable	Healthy		Traditional Brazilian		Bar		Energy dense
	Non-adjusted PR (95% CI)	Adjusted PR (95% CI)	Non-adjusted PR (95% CI)	Adjusted PR (95% CI)	Non-adjusted PR	Adjusted PR (95% CI)	Non-adjusted PR (95% CI)	Adjusted PR (95% CI)
Sex	p = 0.011	p = 0.004	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p = 0.625	—
Female	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
Male	0.82 (0.71 – 0.96)	0.79 (0.68 – 0.93)	2.99 (1.42 – 3.71)	2.39 (2.04 – 2.80)	4.33 (3.47 – 5.41)	2.96 (2.47 – 3.55)	0.95 (0.78 – 1.16)	—
Skin color	p = 0.009	p = 0.391	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p = 0.645	—	p = 0.103	p = 0.103
White	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—	Reference	Reference
Black	0.64 (0.37 – 1.10)	0.86 (0.56 – 1.33)	2.66 (1.69 – 4.19)	1.26 (0.95 – 1.67)	1.20 (0.74 – 1.93)	—	1.44 (0.91 – 2.89)	1.44 (0.91 – 2.89)
Mullato	0.70 (0.55 – 0.89)	0.93 (0.77 – 1.14)	2.83 (2.28 – 3.53)	1.41 (1.21 – 1.64)	1.01 (0.80 – 1.26)	—	0.89 (0.71 – 1.12)	0.89 (0.71 – 1.12)
Yellow	0.53 (0.20 – 1.40)	0.49 (0.20 – 1.22)	1.11 (0.45 – 2.74)	1.37 (0.66 – 2.86)	0.60 (0.23 – 1.59)	—	0.45 (0.15 – 1.30)	0.45 (0.15 – 1.30)
Schooling in adulthood (years)	p < 0.001	p = 0.068	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p = 0.003	p < 0.001	p = 0.539	—
0 – 8	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
9 – 11	1.59 (1.13 – 2.23)	1.34 (0.99 – 1.80)	0.61 (0.47 – 0.79)	0.91 (0.77 – 1.07)	0.62 (0.47 – 0.83)	0.67 (0.55 – 0.82)	0.95 (0.71 – 1.27)	—
≥ 12	2.59 (1.84 – 3.66)	1.51 (1.07 – 2.14)	0.13 (0.09 – 0.18)	0.47 (0.34 – 0.65)	0.79 (0.59 – 1.06)	0.72 (0.56 – 0.93)	0.86 (0.63 – 1.17)	—
Maternal schooling at birth (years)	p < 0.001	p = 0.271	p < 0.001	p = 0.160	p = 0.041	p = 0.165	p = 0.379	—
0 – 4	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
5 – 8	1.35 (1.05 – 1.73)	1.17 (0.95 – 1.42)	0.55 (0.43 – 0.70)	0.84 (0.71 – 1.01)	1.27 (0.99 – 1.63)	1.23 (1.02 – 1.48)	1.10 (0.86 – 1.40)	—
9 – 11	1.61 (1.20 – 2.14)	1.18 (0.93 – 1.49)	0.35 (0.25 – 0.48)	0.85 (0.65 – 1.12)	1.24 (0.93 – 1.66)	1.09 (0.86 – 1.37)	0.91 (0.68 – 1.23)	—
≥ 12	2.20 (1.59 – 3.04)	1.30 (0.97 – 1.73)	0.14 (0.08 – 0.25)	0.72 (0.43 – 1.19)	1.54 (1.10 – 2.14)	1.08 (0.80 – 1.44)	0.81 (0.56 – 1.16)	—
Marital status	p = 0.002	p = 0.475	p = 0.002	p = 0.218	p < 0.001	p = 0.140	p = 0.595	—
Single	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
Married/Cohabiting	0.71 (0.56 – 0.88)	0.93 (0.75 – 1.14)	1.39 (1.13 – 1.72)	0.89 (0.74 – 1.07)	0.66 (0.53 – 0.83)	0.87 (0.72 – 1.05)	0.94 (0.76 – 1.17)	—
Family income in adulthood (MW)	p < 0.001	p = 0.046	p < 0.001	p = 0.090	p < 0.001	p = 0.195	p = 0.372	—
< 3.0	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
3.0 – 4.9	0.77 (0.52 – 1.15)	0.74 (0.54 – 1.02)	0.82 (0.59 – 1.15)	0.93 (0.74 – 1.06)	0.90 (0.61 – 1.33)	0.92 (0.69 – 1.23)	0.83 (0.58 – 1.19)	—
5.0 – 9.9	1.07 (0.74 – 1.55)	0.85 (0.63 – 1.15)	0.52 (0.38 – 0.73)	0.93 (0.75 – 1.15)	1.10 (0.76 – 1.59)	1.06 (0.80 – 1.40)	0.80 (0.57 – 1.13)	—
10.0 – 19.9	1.54 (1.05 – 2.27)	1.02 (0.73 – 1.42)	0.29 (0.20 – 0.43)	0.86 (0.69 – 1.09)	1.10 (0.74 – 1.63)	0.94 (0.68 – 1.29)	0.74 (0.51 – 1.08)	—
≥ 20	2.03 (1.32 – 3.13)	1.08 (0.74 – 1.56)	0.13 (0.07 – 0.23)	0.57 (0.33 – 0.99)	2.07 (1.35 – 3.20)	1.27 (0.90 – 1.81)	0.61 (0.39 – 0.97)	—
Missing	0.78 (0.46 – 1.31)	0.68 (0.44 – 1.03)	0.69 (0.45 – 1.08)	0.99 (0.74 – 1.32)	1.23 (0.76 – 1.99)	1.12 (0.79 – 1.59)	0.91 (0.57 – 1.44)	—
Family income at birth (MW)	p = 0.004	p = 0.787	p < 0.001	p = 0.006	p = 0.020	p = 0.207	p = 0.219	—
≤ 1.0	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
1.1 – 3.0	1.09 (0.78 – 1.52)	0.93 (0.71 – 1.22)	0.78 (0.59 – 1.04)	0.99 (0.83 – 1.19)	1.04 (0.75 – 1.45)	1.00 (0.78 – 1.28)	1.07 (0.79 – 1.47)	—
3.1 – 6.0	1.37 (0.98 – 1.94)	0.95 (0.71 – 1.28)	0.44 (0.32 – 0.62)	0.83 (0.65 – 1.05)	1.03 (0.72 – 1.47)	0.93 (0.71 – 1.2)	1.02 (0.73 – 1.44)	—
6.1 – 10.0	1.35 (0.87 – 2.08)	0.80 (0.56 – 1.15)	0.18 (0.10 – 0.31)	0.57 (0.35 – 0.94)	1.51 (0.99 – 2.30)	1.23 (0.88 – 1.71)	1.00 (0.65 –1.53)	—
> 10.0	2.04 (1.36 – 3.07)	0.98 (0.69 – 1.40)	0.09 (0.05 – 0.18)	0.37 (0.19 – 0.69)	1.76 (1.17 – 2.64)	1.27 (0.91 – 1.75)	0.64 (0.41 –1.01)	—
Missing	1.10 (0.76 – 1.59)	0.89 (0.66 – 1.20)	0.49 (0.35 – 0.69)	0.82 (0.65 – 1.03)	1.22 (0.85 – 1.75)	1.16 (0.87 – 1.51)	0.88 (0.62 – 1.25)	—
Number of people in the household	p = 0.744	—	p = 0.003	p = 0.122	p = 0.137	p = 0.271	p = 0.774	—
1	Reference	—	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—
2 – 4	1.26 (0.65 – 2.47)	—	8.54 (1.23 – 59.12)	6.97 (1.02 – 47.57)	0.65 (0.42 – 1.01)	0.73 (0.48 – 1.11)	1.25 (0.64 – 2.43)	—
≥ 5	1.23 (0.62 – 2.42)	—	9.57 (1.38 – 66.38)	7.21 (1.06 – 49.18)	0.71 (0.45 – 1.11)	0.78 (0.51 – 1.20)	1.27 (0.64 – 2.49)	—
Children in the household	p = 0.001	p = 0.435	p < 0.001	p = 0.007	p = 0.921	—	p = 0.365	—
No	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	—	Reference	—
Yes	0.73 (0.61 – 0.88)	0.91 (0.72 – 1.15)	1.50 (1.29 – 1.75)	1.28 (1.07 – 1.55)	0.99 (0.84 – 1.17)	—	0.92 (0.78 – 1.10)	—

MW, minimum wages: monthly MW at birth was equivalent to US$ 84.0 MW in 1978 and to US$ 89.8 in 2003.

p value for trend referring to the maximum likelihood ratio test obtained by Poisson regression.

^a Adjusted for sex, skin color, maternal schooling at birth, schooling in adulthood, marital status, family income at birth, family income in adulthood, and presence of children in the household.

^b Adjusted for sex, skin color, maternal schooling at birth, schooling in adulthood, marital status, family income at birth, family income in adulthood, number of people in the household and presence of children in the household.

^c Adjusted for sex, maternal schooling at birth, schooling in adulthood, marital status, family income at birth, family income in adulthood and number of people in the household.

^d Adjusted for skin color.