Table 3.
Protective factors from problem behaviours in the presence of previous risk
| |
Internalizing behaviours |
Externalizing behaviours |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Low degree (≤20th) |
High degree (≥80th) |
|
Low degree (≤20th) |
High degree (≥80th) |
|
| N = 19 | N = 50 | p-value | N = 32 | N = 43 | p-value | |
|
Characteristics |
n (%) |
n (%) |
|
n (%) |
n (%) |
|
| Attends sporting events, art/cultural events, camping events |
16 (84.2) |
42 (85.7) |
1 |
30 (93.8) |
37 (86.0) |
0.454 |
| Spends time participating in activities |
14 (77.8) |
37 (74.0) |
1 |
27 (87.1) |
33 (76.7) |
0.262 |
| Low screen time - weekdays |
12 (63.2) |
29 (59.2) |
0.764 |
22 (68.8) |
21 (50.0) |
0.105 |
| Low screen time - weekends |
4 (21.1) |
7 (14.3) |
0.486 |
7 (21.9) |
6 (14.3) |
0.395 |
| Spends two or more days with friends outside of school |
10 (52.6) |
27 (54.0) |
0.919 |
18 (56.3) |
21 (48.8) |
0.525 |
| Two or more close friends |
18 (94.7) |
39 (78.0) |
0.157 |
30 (93.8) |
31 (72.1) |
0.017 |
| High maternal social support |
4 (22.2) |
7 (14.0) |
0.464 |
13 (40.6) |
4 (9.3) |
0.001 |
| High positive parenting interaction |
5 (26.3) |
8 (16.0) |
0.326 |
8 (25.0) |
5 (11.6) |
0.13 |
| High neighbourhood cohesion |
1 (5.6) |
5 (11.1) |
0.664 |
8 (25.0) |
3 (7.5) |
0.052 |
| At least 1 community involvement event |
18 (94.7) |
48 (96.0) |
1 |
32 (100.0) |
41 (95.3) |
0.504 |
| At least 1 school involvement event |
17 (89.5) |
39 (78.0) |
0.491 |
28 (87.5) |
37 (86.0) |
1 |
| Excellent or very good general health - child |
18 (94.7) |
41 (82.0) |
0.264 |
29 (90.6) |
37 (86.0) |
0.724 |
| High self-esteem - child |
17 (89.5) |
31 (63.3) |
0.033 |
28 (87.5) |
28 (65.1) |
0.027 |
| Well/Very well school performance |
12 (63.2) |
28 (56.0) |
0.591 |
24 (75.0) |
22 (51.2) |
0.036 |
| Excellent or very good emotional health - maternal |
6 (31.6) |
13 (26.0) |
0.643 |
16 (50.0) |
11 (25.6) |
0.029 |
| Quality time spent with children |
12 (63.2) |
29 (58.0) |
0.697 |
25 (78.1) |
20 (46.5) |
0.006 |
| High parenting sense of competence - efficacy |
3 (20.0) |
4 (11.4) |
0.415 |
5 (25.0) |
3 (9.4) |
0.235 |
| High parenting sense of competence - satisfaction |
2 (13.3) |
8 (22.9) |
0.702 |
6 (30.0) |
7 (21.2) |
0.522 |
| High child social competence |
5 (33.3) |
4 (11.4) |
0.106 |
8 (40.0) |
2 (6.1) |
0.004 |
| High parenting morale - 5 years |
2 (13.3) |
4 (11.4) |
1 |
6 (30.0) |
3 (9.1) |
0.067 |
| High maternal social support - 5 years | 3 (20.0) | 2 (5.9) | 0.16 | 4 (21.1) | 2 (6.1) | 0.175 |