Table 1. Epidemiological studies describing incidence and serogroups of invasive meningococcal disease.

Paper	Study area	Study period	Study design	Participant population	Number of participants	Incidence	Dominant serogroups (increases)
Studies before serogrouping was introduced
Houston et al.22	England	1907–1940	Epidemiological analysis	Cases
Arkwright21	England, France	1915	Epidemiological analysis	Cases			Group B and P
Pringle23	England	1915–1917	Epidemiological analysis	Cases
Fairbrother20	England	1940–1947	Epidemiological analysis	Cases			Group II
Studies after serogrouping was introduced
Puricelli et al.47	Brazil	1971–2000	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	7893	6.4	B	C
de Cassia et al.48	Brazil	1987–2003	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	5512	7.9	B	C
Barroso et al.49	Brazil	1990–1996	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	2338	–	B	C
Baethgen et al.50	Brazil	1995–2003	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	2215	3.5–1.8	B	C
Cordeiro et al.51	Brazil	1996–2000	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	408	1.7	B	C
Iser et al.52	Brazil	Jun–Sept 2008	Case–control	Patients neighbouring households	8 cases 32 controls	12	C	–
Olivares et al.32	France	1987–1988	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	1132	0.7	B	C
Perrocheau et al.44	France	2003	Epidemiological analysis	cases	803	1.8	B	C
Grahlow et al.26	Germany	1971–1984	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	650	–	B	C
Tzanakaki et al.36	Greece	1989–1991	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	31	–	B	C
Kafetzis et al.41	Greece	1993–2004	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	1144	–	B	C (A, W135)
Tsolia et al.35	Greece	1999–2000	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	157	10.2	B	C (A)
Berild et al.28	Norway	1967–1979	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	–	24–43	A, B	–
Bovre et al.30	Norway	1975–1979	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	1574	7.8	B	–
Lystad et al.31	Norway	1975–1991	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	–	15–4.1	B	C
Iversen et al.29	Norway	1992–1995	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	586	3.4	B	C
Wylie et al.38	England	1982–1995	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	252	5.6
Stanton et al.27	England	1977–2007	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	1157	–	B	C
Gray et al.39	England and Wales	1993–2004	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	21 711	2.3–5.4	B	C
Shigematsu et al.40	England, Wales, and Northern Ireland	1999–2001	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	11 522	9.2–8.0	B	C (W135)
Demina et al.33	USSR	1980–1984	Epidemiological analysis	Cases	2653	–	A	B
Connolly et al.34	Europe	1993–1996	Epidemiological analysis	Cases from 35 countries	16 734	1.1	B	C
Trotter et al.72	Europe	1999–2004	Epidemiological analysis	Cases from 27 countries	–	0.2–5.4	B	C