Table 3.

Adult mortality in relation to social mating system, parental care and reproductive output. (a) Male mortality = log(annual adult male mortality), n = 250 species. (b) Female mortality = log(annual adult female mortality), n = 234 species. (c) Sex-biased mortality = (log(adult female mortality/adult male mortality), n = 241 species. Social mating system = male mating system, female mating system and bias in mating system (i.e. male mating system − female mating system) in (a), (b) and (c), respectively. Parental care = involvement of male in care provisioning relative to female provisioning (see Material and methods). Body mass = male body mass (log(g)), female body mass (log(g)) and average body mass of males and females (log(g)) in (a), (b) and (c), respectively. Reproductive output = log(clutch size × egg mass). Mean values, s.e. and p-values are given from PGLS models with 100 different phylogenetic hypotheses.

predictor variables	b (s.e.)a	p (s.e.)
(a)
social mating system	0.020 (0.010)	0.055 (<0.001)
pre-hatching care	0.019 (0.025)	0.428 (0.002)
post-hatching care	−0.068 (0.024)	0.005 (<0.001)
body mass	−0.175 (0.031)	<0.001 (<0.001)
(b)
social mating system	0.008 (0.018)	0.667 (0.007)
pre-hatching care	−0.004 (0.025)	0.880 (0.006)
post-hatching care	−0.043 (0.023)	0.065 (0.002)
reproductive output	0.301 (0.086)	<0.001 (<0.001)
body mass	−0.390 (0.067)	<0.001 (<0.001)
(c)
mating system bias	−0.019 (0.006)	<0.003 (<0.001)
pre-hatching care	−0.018 (0.014)	0.185 (0.002)
post-hatching care	0.002 (0.015)	0.878 (0.009)
reproductive output	0.082 (0.036)	0.023 (0.001)
body mass	−0.079 (0.029)	0.008 (<0.001)

^astandard errors include both sampling error and phylogenetic variance across the set of 100 trees. See table 1 for details.