Table 4. Antimicrobial Use Within 30 days Prior to Healthcare-associated Infections.

Antimicrobial Agent	Case Subjects N=103	Control Subjects N=195	OR (95%CI)	p-valuea
	n (%)
Amikacin	13 (12.6)	1 (0.5)	13.07 (2.96, 57.66)	0.001
Ampicillin	9 (8.7)	6 (3.1)	1.91 (0.84, 4.32)	0.12
Ampicillin-sulbactam	9 (8.7)	12 (6.1)	1.22 (0.64, 2.34)	0.54
Aztreonam	7 (6.8)	6 (3.1)	1.59 (0.70, 3.60)	0.27
Carbapenems	33 (32.0)	20 (10.3)	2.32 (1.44, 3.74)	0.001
Cefazolin	9 (8.7)	24 (12.3)	0.84 (0.47, 1.47)	0.54
Cefepime	20 (19.4)	19 (9.7)	1.53 (0.94, 2.48)	0.09
3rd generation cephalosporinb	13 (12.6)	15 (7.7)	1.36 (0.76, 2.41)	0.30
Clindamycin	3 (2.9)	6 (3.1)	1.00 (0.42, 2.40)	1.00
Daptomycin	6 (5.8)	5 (2.6)	1.63 (0.66, 4.00)	0.29
Gentamicin	14 (13.6)	15 (7.7)	1.28 (0.75, 2.18)	0.36
Levofloxacin	21 (20.4)	21 (10.8)	1.51 (0.94, 2.42)	0.09
Linezolid	22 (21.4)	12 (6.2)	2.37 (1.33, 4.20)	0.003
Macrolidec	19 (18.5)	19 (9.7)	1.53 (0.87, 2.68)	0.14
Metronidazole	25 (24.3)	38 (19.5)	1.13 (0.77, 1.64)	0.54
Oxacillin	6 (5.8)	12 (6.2)	0.85 (0.42, 1.70)	0.64
Piperacillin-tazobactam	73 (70.9)	101 (51.8)	1.46 (1.04, 2.06)	0.029
Polymyxin B	11 (10.7)	0 (0)	1.13 (1.28, 3.54)	<0.001
Tigecycline	10 (9.7)	2 (1.0)	5.16 (1.65, 16.13)	0.005
Tobramycin	31 (30.1)	34 (17.4)	1.57 (0.99, 2.47)	0.05
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	14 (13.6)	4 (2.1)	3.62 (1.56, 8.39)	0.003
Vancomycin	78 (75.3)	104 (53.3)	1.57 (1.12, 2.22)	0.001

^aBivariate Analyses

^bCefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime

^cErythromycin or azithromycin