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An integrated model of PPARα-regulated ketogenesis. Fasting induces the expression of PPARα and PGC-1α. Activation of PPARα requires de novo synthesis of a PPARα ligand (16:0/18:1 GPC). Together, they induce the expression of fatty acid oxidation genes and FGF21. FGF21 in turn promotes lipolysis in the adipose tissue. The released free fatty acids (FFA) are used as substrates for ketogenesis.
