Table 1. Participant Characteristics by HIV and HAART status.
| HIV− | All HIV+ | P-valuea | HIV+/HAART+ | HIV+/HAART− | P-valueb | |
| (n = 60) | (n = 99) | (n = 58) | (n = 41) | |||
| Age, years | 53.7 (9.3) | 49.9 (8.1) | 0.008 | 50.7 (7.9) | 48.9 (8.4)* | 0.29 |
| Age (% >50 years old) | 60.0 | 46.5 | 0.10 | 51.7 | 39.0* | 0.15 |
| Education, years | 15.4 (3.3) | 14.8 (2.7) | 0.28 | 15.2 (2.5) | 14.3 (3.0) | 0.14 |
| Race | ||||||
| % Caucasian | 41.7 | 44.4 | 0.73 | 48.3 | 39.0 | 0.42 |
| % African American | 58.3 | 55.6 | 51.7 | 61.0 | ||
| HIV disease status | ||||||
| Plasma HIV RNA, copies/ml | – | <40 (<40–10,900) | – | <40 (<40–<40) † | 15,000 (805–67,200) | 0.0001 |
| CD4 cell count, cells/mm3 | 993(790–1220) | 531 (339–686)* | 0.001 | 565 (382–686)* | 428 (336–663)* | 0.0001 |
| Duration of HIV infection, yr | – | 4.6 (3.3–18.4) | – | 9.5 (3.6–18.9) | 4.0 (3.1–12.3) | |
| History of AIDS, % | – | 12.2% | – | 17.2 | 4.9 | 0.12 |
| HAART Regimen Base | ||||||
| PI (%) | – | 33.7 | – | 52.6 | – | – |
| NNRTI (%) | – | 23.5 | – | 40.3 | – | – |
| NRTI (%) | – | 3.1 | – | 5.3 | – | – |
| Years from HAART initiation | – | 8.8 (5.7–9.5) | – | 8.8 (5.7–9.5) | – | – |
| Hypertension, % | 56.1 | 43.8 | 0.18 | 52.7 | 31.7* | 0.06 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, % | 22.7 | 10.5 | 0.11 | 12.5 | 7.4 | 0.69 |
| Hepatitis B, % | 1.7 | 4.0 | 0.65 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 1.00 |
| Hepatitis C, % | 21.7 | 27.3 | 0.43 | 20.7 | 36.6 | 0.11 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never, % | 18.6 | 23.2 | 0.77 | 28.1 | 15.8 | 0.27 |
| Ex-smoker, % | 45.8 | 45.3 | 45.6 | 44.7 | ||
| Current smoker, % | 35.6 | 31.6 | 26.3 | 39.5 | ||
| >3 alcoholic drinks/week, % | 23.7 | 25.3 | 0.49 | 22.8 | 29.0 | 0.63 |
| Illicit drug usec, % | 40.0 | 38.4 | 0.87 | 32.8 | 46.3 | 0.39 |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 28.6 (7.2) | 25.4 (4.3) | 0.0006 | 25.5 (4.5)* | 25.4 (4.1)* | 0.92 |
| Obese (% >30 kg/m2) | 33.3 | 12.1 | 0.002 | 12.1* | 12.2* | 1.00 |
| Regional Body Composition | ||||||
| Neck circumference, cm | 40.8 (3.5)A | 39.5 (2.9) | 0.01 | 39.9 (3.2) | 39.0 (2.3)* | 0.14 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.6 (16.9) | 93.0 (12.1) | 0.02 | 93.8 (11.5) | 91.8 (12.8)* | 0.42 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 102.3 (11.9) | 95.7 (8.7) | 0.0001 | 95.1 (8.1)* | 96.5 (9.6)* | 0.45 |
| Waist:Hip Ratio | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.36 | 0.99 (0.06) † * | 0.95 (0.06) | 0.03 |
| Observer-Assessed Lipodystrophy | ||||||
| Lipoatrophy, n (%) | 3 (5.0) | 22 (22.2) | 0.003 | 17 (29.3)* † | 5 (12.2) | 0.05 |
| Lipohypertrophy, n(%) | 23 (38.3) | 31 (31.3) | 0.391 | 19 (32.8) | 12 (29.3) | 0.83 |
Means (SD), median (25th –75th percentile), or proportions.
PI = protease inhibitor; NNRTI = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
P-values are for comparison of HIV− to HIV+ participants.
P-values are for comparison of HIV+/HAART+ to HIV+/HAART− participants.
Illicit drug use was defined as any use of marijuana, nitrite inhalants, crack or cocaine, stimulants, or other illicit drugs since the last MACS visit.
*P < 0.05, compared to HIV−.
P < 0.05, HIV+/HAART+ compared to HIV+/HAART−.
Comparisons of data represented with means were performed using t-tests for 2-group comparisons and linear regression with robust estimation of the standard errors. Comparisons of data represented by medians were performed using the Wilcoxon ranksum test for 2-group comparisons. Comparisons of categorical data represented by percent were performed using chi-square analysis and Fisher’s exact test.