Table 3. Epidemiologic studies of arsenic exposure and markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipids.

Reference	Location	Study design	Study population	Arsenic measurement	Arsenic levels	Endpoints	Main findings
Chen et al. [70]	Bangladesh	Cross-sectional	115 adults with skin lesions	Well water, urine	3–864 μg/L in well water	Plasma sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1	Baseline well-water arsenic was positively associated with both baseline sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 levels and more strongly with sVCAM-1, with increasing values in increasing well-water arsenic quartiles. Baseline urinary arsenic was also positively associated with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 at baseline; however, only the association with sICAM-1 was significant.
Wu et al. [71]	Bangladesh	Cross-sectional	668 adults	Well water, urine	0.1–500.6 μg/L in well water	Plasma MMP-9, MPO, PAI-1, sE-Selectin, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1	A positive association between arsenic exposure, measured by well- water arsenic or urinary arsenic, and plasma levels of sICAM- 1. PAI-1 levels were elevated in the highest quartile of well-water arsenic (73.5–500.6 μg/L), and the increased levels of PAI-1 were stronger among individuals with BMI.
Karim et al. [72]	Bangladesh	Cross-sectional	324 exposed and 106 unexposed	Well water, hair, nail	Mean in well water: 173 μg/L	Plasma Ox-LDL, CRP, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1	Plasma levels of Ox-LDL, CRP, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were significantly higher among those residing in arsenic-endemic area than less exposed counterparts in nonendemic area, and were significantly correlated with arsenic exposure measured from water, hair, and nail.
Banerjee et al. [85]	West Bengal	Cross-sectional	50 exposed and 41 unexposed	Well water, urine	Mean in well water: 218 μg/L	Serum MPO activity	MPO activities were significantly higher in exposed group than the unexposed group, however, no further dose-response relation was found among the exposed group.
Osorio-Yáñez et al. [55]	México	Cross-sectional	199 children aged 3–14 years	Urine	3–135 μg/L in drinking water; mean total urinary As: 74.3 μg/L	Plasma ADMA	InAs% was significantly associated with plasma ADMA in multivariable regression analysis.
Karim et al. [72]	Bangladesh	Cross-sectional	324 exposed and 106 unexposed	Well water, hair, nail	Mean in well water: 173 μg/L	Plasma TG, TC, LDL, and HDL	TC, LDL, and HDL levels were lower among those residing in arsenic-endemic area than less exposed counterparts in nonendemic area, and were significantly correlated with arsenic exposure measured from water, hair, and nail.
Tseng et al. [86]	Southwestern Taiwan	Cross-sectional	533 adults	Well water	Median in villages: 700–930 μg/L	Serum TC, TG, HDL, LDL, ApoA1, and ApoB	Cumulative arsenic exposure, duration of drinking well water, and duration of living in arseniasis hyperendemic villages were positively associated with serum levels of TC and LDL. Cumulative arsenic exposure was marginally inversely related to HDL.
Nabi et al. [87]	Bangladesh	Cross-sectional	115 patients with arsenicosis and 80 unexposed	Well water	3–875 μg/L, mean 218 μg/L, median 156 μg/L	Serum TC, TG, HDL, and LDL	Arsenic-exposed subjects had significantly lower levels of TC, HDL, and LDL as compared to the unexposed subjects.