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. 2014 Jul 7;9(7):e101677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101677

Figure 3. Effect of CDA combined disinfectant or antibiotic treatments on biofilms surface area.

Figure 3

Following dispersion of biofilms by CDA, cells remaining on the surface are easily killed and removed by various disinfectants (Epimax S and Percidine) or antibiotics (vancomycin; Van, ampicillin; Amp, ciprofloxacin; Cip) in biofilms grown in continuous culture flow cells. Pre-established biofilms were grown for 48 h without any treatment and then were treated with indicated concentrations of antimicrobials alone (- CDA) or combined with 310 nM CDA (+ CDA) for 1 h, stained with LIVE/DEAD staining and quantified (percent surface coverage) using digital image analysis. The bars show the levels of biofilm biomass after treatment with antimicrobials alone or combined with 310 nM CDA. Error bars indicate standard errors (n = 3) and mean values sharing at least one common lowercase letter shown above the bars are not significantly different (P-value <0.05).