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. 2014 Jul 7;9(7):e101677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101677

Figure 4. Effect of CDA combined antimicrobial treatments on killing of pre-established biofilms.

Figure 4

CDA treatment reverses biofilm formation in pre-established biofilms and cells remaining on the surface are easily removed and killed various disinfectants (Epimax S and Percidine) or antibiotics (vancomycin; Van, ampicillin; Amp, ciprofloxacin; Cip) in biofilms grown in continuous culture flow cells. Pre-established biofilms were grown for 48 h without any treatment, then were treated with indicated concentrations of antimicrobials alone (- CDA) or combined with 310 nM CDA (+CDA) for 1 h and stained with LIVE/DEAD staining to allow analysis using fluorescence microscopy. The images show microscopic pictures of the biofilms on the surface of cover slip after combinatorial treatments. Images are top-down views (x-y plane); scale bars: 50 µm. Results are representative of 3 separate experiments.