TABLE 4.
Effect of naringin and naringenin on insulin resistance and diabetes in animal and cell studies1
| Derivative and dose | Model | Experimental outcome | Reference |
| Naringin | |||
| 15 and 30 mg/ kg bw | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Decreased activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver and kidney | (79) |
| Increased activities of hexokinase | |||
| 0.2 g/kg diet | C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice | Hepatic glucokinase activity and glycogen concentration were both significantly elevated | (80) |
| Lowered the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase | |||
| 15 and 30 mg/ kg bw | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Increased activity of hexokinase and decreased the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver and kidney | (79) |
| Normalized the concentrations of plasma TBARS, lipid hydroperoxides and vitamin E and reduced glutathione in diabetic rats | |||
| Naringenin | |||
| 50 mg · kg bw · d | Experimental STZ-nicotinamide–induced diabetes | Significantly lowered mean concentrations of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin and significantly elevated serum insulin concentrations | (81) |
| Lowered mean activities of ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH in serum | |||
| 50 mg · kg bw−1 · d−1 | Experimental STZ-nicotinamide–induced diabetes | Naringenin ameliorated hyperglycemia-mediated inflammation | (82) |
| 0.5%, 1%, and 2% of the diet | Diabetic mice | Naringenin treatments at 1% and 2% of diet lowered plasma concentrations of glucose and blood urea nitrogen | (83) |
| Increased insulin concentrations and creatinine clearance | |||
| Decreased production and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 | |||
| 75 μmol/L | Skeletal muscle cells (L6 myotubes) | No significant effect on insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and significantly increased AMPK phosphorylation/activation | (84) |
| Increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells in an AMPK-dependent manner. |
1
Akt, protein kinase B; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AMPK, AMP kinase; AST, aspertate transaminase; bw, body weight; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; STZ, streptozotocin.