Figure 1.

Signaling pathways of GPCRs involved in inflammation. Signaling by GPCRs is initiated by a specific ligand that binds and activates the receptor inducing conformational changes in the receptor. A partial list of the relevant ligands is given in the top panel. All 4 classes of G proteins are involved in the regulation of events that lead to inflammatory cell activation or inactivation. Major effectors, including second messengers and other signaling molecules involved in the regulation of inflammation are shown. These include Ca²⁺, cAMP, protein kinases, lipid kinases, lipases, phosphoinositides, small GTPases and the relevant guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and transcriptional factors. The final output is manifested as nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular activities such as expression of proinflammatory genes, production of oxidants, and generation of tissue damaging and repairing factors.